Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Section 1: Economics and International Cooperation Preview Classroom Catalyst Objectives International Development and Cooperation Sustainable Development Climate and Atmosphere Economics and the Environment Regulation and Economic Incentives

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Section 1: Economics and International Cooperation Preview, continued Private Efforts

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Classroom Catalyst

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Objectives Describe some of the challenges to achieving sustainability. Describe several major international meetings and agreements relating to the environment. Explain how economics and environmental science are related. Compare two ways that governments influence economics. Give an example of a private effort to address environmental problems.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 International Development and Cooperation Sustainability is the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that a human population can survive indefinitely. We live in a time of globalization, when environmental and social conditions are linked across political borders worldwide. Increasingly, governments, organizations, and business around the world have a need to work together.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 International Development and Cooperation People debate about whether current levels of population growth and resource use are sustainable, and who is responsible for environmental problems. Scientists do not agree on how humans are affecting the planet’s ecosystems. People worldwide are worried about running short of resources such as fertile soil and fresh water.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Sustainable Development Many meetings and agreements among international governments have dealt with environmental concerns along with economic and political concerns. The Earth Summit of 1992, for example, was a sign of new levels of international environmental awareness and cooperation.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Climate and Atmosphere International organizations and agreements related to climate and the atmosphere also exist. The Kyoto Protocol, for example, attempted to avoid or slow down global warming by reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. The United States did not sign this particular treaty mainly because it would be costly to implement and it did not guarantee a stable climate.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Economics and the Environment Economics is the study of how individuals and groups make decisions about the production, distribution, and consumption of limited resources as they attempt to fulfill their needs and wants. Economists say that an economic system is successful when there is an increase in the flow of money and products within a market. Economies, however, draw resources from the environment and may return waste or cause damage. Economic systems are, in fact, contained within and dependent upon the environment.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Economics and the Environment Economists see environmental problems as market failures. The market has failed if the price of something does not reflect its true cost. For example, the price of gasoline does not reflect the expenses caused by auto emissions, such as that of the illnesses caused by air pollution, which cost society billions of dollars a year. In a balanced economic system, the price of gasoline should reflect these costs.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Economics and the Environment A complete economic model shows that economic systems operate within natural systems.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Regulation and Economic Incentives The government has tried many ways to regulate environmental damage such as pollution. Governments may also create economic incentives by paying out money for actions that benefit society.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Regulation and Economic Incentives Governments may also punishing people with fines and sentences for actions that harm the environment. However, regulations are criticized when they are difficult to enforce, do not distribute costs evenly, or do not control environmental damage.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Private Efforts Businesses and private organizations also play a role in addressing environmental problems. Businesses may donate land for parks or preserves, donate money to environmental causes, or recycle their wastes. Private organizations often cooperate with each other and with governments to conduct research or create plans for environmental management.

Economics, Policy, and the FutureSection 1 Private Efforts Nonprofit organizations, such as the Nature Conservancy, use a simple economic strategy of collecting donations to purchase land to preserve ecosystems. This group has created preserves in all 50 states and in more than 30 countries.