Communication Based Train Control Navneet Kaushik DMRC

DMRC’s mission Complete the Metro project without cost and time over run Catch up with the state of art technology Started Metro operation in 2002 in Delhi with track circuit based CATC (first time in India) Decided to go for CBTC for Phase III on two independent lines in 2012 – around 90 Kms Also decided UTO on these lines (again first time in India)

Scenario in the country: CBTC projects being executed by DMRC City Line Length Stations Headway Operation Traction SIG Supplier Delhi Line-7 58 KM 38 90sec GoA4 25KV AC Bombardier Line-8 38 KM 25 90 sec Nippon Signal KOCHI 26 KM 22 GoA2 750V DC Alstom Noida-Greater Noida 29 KM 21 Tender yet to be awarded Scenario in the country: Apart from these, other CBTC projects in pipe line are Hyderabad, Lucknow, Vijaywada, Vizag, Nagpur, Ahemedabad, Kolkata and Mumbai

DELHI METRO MAP INCLUDING PHASE III

Need for improvement Key challenges faced today increasing traffic, absolute passenger safety and security, travel comfort demands, real time multimedia information and entertainment in stations or in train Operations need dynamically adjustable systems while maintaining Safety and security Energy efficiency

Solution – Communication at the core Signalling draws its strength from efficient computing and Telecom Signalling & Telecommunication are coming closure to deliver a safer, efficient and passenger friendly Rail Transport system to give quick response to dynamics Typically: Data backbones on Metro Rail– from 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps now Link between train to wayside – wi fi to LTE in future

Two different applications 1. Signalling and Train control – the vital one low bandwidth (below 100 kbps) but high availability (at least 99.99%), highly robust and reliable CBTC (Communication Based Train Control) for metros or ETCS (European Train Control System) for mainline trains. 2. Passenger Information, maintenance, video surveillance, CCTV, internet access – the non vital one much higher bandwidth (train-to-ground and ground-to-train), lesser robustness can be accepted

Progress on Signalling front – Telecom upgrade automatic TRACK VACANCY DETECTION Track circuit Axle counter Radio based (CBTC) TRAIN CONTROL No ATC Train stop Speed code Distance To Go Moving Block INTERLOCKING Mechanical Relay based Electronic

Definition of CBTC as per IEEE 1474 standard CBTC system is a "continuous, automatic train control system utilizing high-resolution train location determination, independent of track circuits; continuous, high-capacity, bidirectional train-to-wayside data communications; and trainborne and wayside processors capable of implementing Automatic Train Protection (ATP) functions, as well as optional Automatic Train Operation (ATO) and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) functions."

Highlights of the definition Location determination independent of track circuit Continuous detection High capacity train communication Bidirectional train to wayside data communication Solution – wifi radio working in ISM band taking information from onboard ATP based on inputs from odometer, beacons etc. and transferring this information to track side ATP to calculate Movement Authority

CBTC Functionality – Normal Mode 3. Trackside CBTC calculates the point to be protected ( ) ), by the tail of train B 2. The ONBOARD RADIO on train B transmits its position ( ) to the CBTC trackside equipment TRACKSIDE CBTC 4. The TRACKSIDE RADIO continuously transmits to the following train (A) the point to be protected ( ) ) TRACKSIDE Radio Controller Trackside Radio Trackside Radio Trackside Radio Radio Train CBTC CBTC Radio Train A B B A 5.The ONBOARD CBTC on train A calculates the safety curve and applies it to the train to be protected 1. Based on the odometry, train B calculates continuously its position (and recalculates tolerances after passing over the track balises)

CBTC Functionality – Mixed Mode 3. Trackside CBTC knows at all times the existence of trains, and locates the point to be protected ( ) ) behind the last track section occupied by train B TRACKSIDE CBTC 4. The TRACKSIDE RADIO continuously transmits to the following train (A) the point to be protected ( ) TRACKSIDE Radio Controller Interlocking Trackside Radio Trackside Radio Trackside Radio 2. The interlocking continuously provides information on the track circuits occupied to the TRACKSIDE CBTC Radio Train CBTC (NO-COMN) B A 5.The ONBOARD CBTC on train A calculates the safety curve using the point to be protected ( ) 1. A non-communicating train (B) does NOT transmit its position but occupies track section

Advantages of CBTC Moving block instead of fixed block hence Optimized train speeds to gain best line capacity Ease of upgradation to Driverless system Ease of maintenance; Easy expansion; Immunity against interference; Ease of Obsolescence management; Minimum trackside equipment.

Grade of Automation

Some considerations for design Fallback Frequency availability and interference UTO from day one or upgradation later Overlap Station layouts to match headways PSD commands And many more

Failure and Fallback In a CBTC system if the communications link with any of the trains is disrupted then corresponding parts of the system have to enter a failsafe state until the problem is rectified. Depending on the severity of the communication loss, this state can range from vehicles temporarily reducing speed, coming to a halt or operating in a degraded mode until communications are re-established. If duration of communication failure is permanent, contingency operation need to be implemented - Manual operation and absolute block

Fallback Signaling To handle this situation or do operation in case of failure of primary train detection due to communication loss, simplest method is to guide the driver over phone about his movement authority. OR provide secondary means of train detection and resort to absolute block working with the help of signals Considerations: Capital cost Number of track side equipment - maintenance Effect on operation Mixed mode operation

Methodology adopted by DMRC

Frequency issues – ISM band World over wi-fi in ISM used Mainly in 2.4 GHz band Various techniques used to have reliable communication (mostly proprietary) Main issues: Jamming – during VIP movement Congestion in 2.4 GHz band – where metro going through thickly populated areas

Frequency issues – ISM band Demand for CCTV from train is growing So two frequency bands are needed – one for CBTC and one for CCTV 2.4 GHz already heavily utilized CBTC needs low throughput but highly stable and interference free Most of the vendors have proven CBTC products in 2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz has limited bandwidth (WPC restriction) making it unsuitable for CCTV Allow wider band in 5.8 GHz Preferably reserve a frequency band for railway

Upgradation to UTO later or straight away UTO implementation? Main requirements of UTO Normal operation by onboard and track side computers communicating continuously Manual functions (in case of failure) to be done remotely which requires a communication channel of sufficient bandwidth to deal with alarms and remote commands The basic requirement is full filled by CBTC by default The investment in UTO is very low if decided initially compared to upgradation later Choice with operator if to use UTO as default mode of operation

Overlap requirement Main line railway have requirement of signal overlap – Absolute block working CBTC implements moving block Train always remain protected hence no need of signal overlap Signal overlap needed only in fallback (rare) If provided, Moving Block not available for a certain distance – un necessary gap created Conscious decision required

Effect of overlap

Terminal layout Demand – improved headway Signaling systems capable of providing Layout of terminal stations and intermediate turnback stations remain a bottleneck Variety of layouts available Need to decide in the beginning of project

PSD commands Need for best end to end run time Demand for PSD increasing for passenger protection and more space on platform Train door and PSD opening and closing time already high (2.5 s and 3 s respectively) Can’t afford delay in transfer of door open and close command from Onboard to PSD at station – two paths On board – zone control – station control (CBI) – PSD On board – station control - PSD

There are many more issues If one really wish to get the best results from CBTC, consider such issues in advance while planning

Thanks