Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Republican Experiment: A New Political Morality 6

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Defining Republican Culture Republicanism—new core ideology –Uncompromising commitment to liberty and equality – A government without monarchy or aristocracy – political authority vested in the people –Post-Revolutionary divisions – Balancing individual liberty with social order – Balancing property rights with equality Varying answers resulted in variety of republican governments

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Social and Political Reform Changes in laws of inheritance – end of primogeniture Property qualifications for voting reduced Capitols moved to enable better representation for frontier settlers Separation of church and state Continued uneven distribution of wealth

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African Americans in the New Republic Abolitionist sentiment spread in wake of the Revolution African Americans embraced Declaration’s stress on natural rights and equality Slavery – biggest contradiction to founding principles Americans fight for freedom but enslave others

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African Americans in the New Republic: Emancipation Northern states –By 1800, slavery was legally dying in North –Vermont already prohibited slavery –Racism and segregation remained Southerners debated abolition – Some individuals freed slaves – Economic motives overcame republican – Cotton gin breathed new life into slavery

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The States: Experiments in Republicanism Revolutionary state constitutions served as experiments in republican government Insights gleaned from state experiences later applied to constructing central government Two states already had Republican government Most state constitutions included a Declaration of Rights to restrict limits of government authority

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Blueprints for State Government State constitution writers insisted on preparing written documents Precedents in colonial charters, church covenants Major break with England’s unwritten constitution

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Natural Rights and the State Constitutions Most new state constitutions included Declaration of Rights: – Freedom of religion – Freedom of speech – Freedom of the press – Private property – Trial by jury

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Natural Rights and the State Constitutions Governors weakened Elected legislatures given most power

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Stumbling Toward a New National Government War for independence required coordination among states Central government under the Articles of Confederation first created to meet wartime need for coordination

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Articles of Confederation: Central Government Structure and Power Articles of Confederation severely limited central government’s authority over states Each state had one vote –Could send two to seven representatives No executive No taxing power Amendments required unanimity

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Articles of Confederation: Central Government Structure and Power In charge of foreign and Native American relations, military, and disputes between states No control over western lands Delegates believed that powerful central government could be dangerous – especially after experience with England

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Western Land: Key to the First Constitution Native Americans lost out when British left The controversy over disposition of western lands delayed the Articles of Confederation 1781—Virginia took lead in ceding western claims to Congress Other states ceded claims to Congress Congress gained ownership of all land west of Appalachians

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Western Land Claims Ceded by the States

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement Land Ordinance –Orderly division of land into sections and townships –One section set aside to finance school system –Land to sell for minimum of $1 gold per acre Speculation

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northwest Ordinance: The Confederation’s Major Achievement Northwest Ordinance, 1787 –Created three to five new territories in Northwest –Population of 5,000 may elect Assembly –Population of 60,000 may petition for statehood –Slavery outlawed South of the Ohio River settlement more chaotic

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Northwest Territory

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Land Ordinance of 1785

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Strengthening Federal Authority Dissatisfaction with Confederation Economic recovery after the Revolution slow – did not deal with economy and it was not stable People thought stronger central government would restore economic growth

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Nationalist Critique Restoration of trade with Britain caused trade deficit and hard currency shortage Congress unable to address trade, inflation, and debt Congress had no power to tax Nationalists versus localists

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Nationalist Critique Failure to pay soldiers sparked “Newburgh Conspiracy” (squelched by Washington) Failure of reform prompted nationalists to consider Articles hopelessly defective

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Diplomatic Humiliation Congress failed to get states to collect debts owed British merchants In retaliation, British refused to evacuate Ohio River Valley Spain closed New Orleans to American commerce in 1784 –John Jay to negotiate re-opening Mississippi –Instead, signed treaty favoring Northeast –West and South denounced, Congress rejected Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Have We Fought for This?” By 1785, the country seemed adrift Washington: “Was it with these expectations that we launched into a sea of trouble?”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Genius of James Madison James Madison persuaded Americans that large republics could be free and democratic –Competing factions would neutralize each other –Federalist #10 –Madison best political theorist of time

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Constitutional Reform May 1786—Annapolis Convention agreed to meet again, revise/write a new constitution Shay’s Rebellion, 1787 –Tax revolt of discontented farmers –Symbolized breakdown in law and order as perceived by propertied classes Crisis strengthened support for new central government – “nationalists” want reform

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Philadelphia Convention Convened May 1787 Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island Delegates possessed wide practical experience Important secrecy rule imposed to try and stop erroneous and mischievous rumors James Madison gave intellectual guidance to form new Constitution

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Inventing a Federal Republic: The Virginia Plan Central government may veto all state acts Bicameral legislature of state representatives –One house elected, the other appointed –Larger states would have more representatives Chief executive appointed by Congress Small states objected to large-state dominance

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Inventing a Federal Republic: The New Jersey Plan Congress given greater taxing and trade regulation powers Each state would have one vote in a unicameral legislature Articles of Confederation otherwise untouched

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Compromise Saves the Convention Each state given two delegates in the Senate—a victory for the small states House of Representatives based on population—a victory for the large states –All money bills must originate in the House Three-fifths of the slave population counted toward representation in the House

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Compromising with Slavery Issue of slavery threatened Convention’s unity – Northerners tended to be opposed – Southerners threatened to bolt if slavery weakened Slave trade permitted to continue to 1808 “Great as the evil is, a dismemberment of the Union would be worse.” —James Madison

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Last Details Revisions to executive –Electoral College selects president – not Congress –Executive given a veto over legislation –Executive may appoint judges

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “We, the People” Convention sought to bypass vested interests of state legislatures Power of ratification to special state conventions Constitution to go into effect on approval by nine state conventions Phrase “We, the People” made Constitution a government of the people, not the states Federalists want a confederation of the states

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Federalists vs Anti-Federalists Federalists supported the Constitution The Federalist Papers written by Jay, Madison, and Hamilton Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution Distrusted any government removed from direct control of the people Americans disagree over liberty vs. order After British tyranny, Americans want both but argue over how to get both

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Progress of Ratification No clear correlation between social status and support for Constitution Succeeded in winning ratification in eleven states by June 1788 Constitution ratified by close vote in major states Americans closed ranks behind the Constitution

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Adding the Bill of Rights The fruit of anti-Federalist activism Adding Bill of Rights forestalled Second Constitutional Convention Purpose was to protect individual rights from government interference James Madison wrote Bill of Rights

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Adding the Bill of Rights Rights included: –Freedom of assembly, speech, religion, the press, and bearing arms –Speedy trial by a jury of peers –No unreasonable searches First ten amendments added by December 1791

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Success Depends on the People Some Americans complained that the new government had a great potential for despotism Others were more optimistic and saw it as a great beginning for the new nation