Naomi Radke, seecon international gmbh

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Naomi Radke, seecon international gmbh Ecosystem Services Naomi Radke, seecon international gmbh

Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright & Disclaimer Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document   Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.  

Contents Introduction Ecosystem Services Changes in Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being Substitutability and Well-Being Drivers of Ecosystem Change Wetland Services Under Stress References

What are Ecosystems? (1/2) 1. Introduction What are Ecosystems? (1/2) Ecosystem: Dynamic complex and interaction of living organisms (humans, animals, plants, microorganisms, ..) and the non-living environment (air, water, mineral soil, ...) Interaction of living organisms and the non-living environment through water cycle, nutrient cycle and energy flows Example: interaction between water and plant through water cycle. Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html [Accessed: 29.05.2013]

What are Ecosystems? (2/2) 1. Introduction What are Ecosystems? (2/2) Example: The Marine Ecosystem Source: http://www.xbordercurrents.co.uk/wildlife/marine-ecosystem-2/ [Accessed: 29.05.2013]

Humans within the Ecosystems (1/2) 1. Introduction Humans within the Ecosystems (1/2) Depend entirely on a functioning ecosystem e.g. quantity and quality of water Have a major impact on the health of an ecosystem e.g. exploitation of groundwater through excessive irrigation e.g. pollution through inadequate sanitation Humans and the water cycle. Source: http://www.pacificwater.org/pages.cfm/water-services/water-demand-management/water-distribution/the-water-cycle.html [Accessed: 29.05.2013]

Humans within the Ecosystems (2/2) 1. Introduction Humans within the Ecosystems (2/2) Therefore: Sustainable sanitation and water management are crucial for a more sustainable ecosystem management.

Types of Ecosystem Services (1/2) Ecosystem Services = benefits people obtain from ecosystems Provisioning services Products from ecosystems: e.g. Food, timber, water Regulating services Benefits from regulation of ecosystem processes: e.g. Water purification, control of climate, diseases, floods Cultural services Spiritual and recreational benefits Supporting services Maintain the three other services: e.g. Water and nutrient cycles, photosynthesis, crop pollination

Types of Ecosystem Services (2/2) Demand for these services have been growing over the last decades. Enhancement of production of crops, livestock, aquaculture Negative impact on other services like water regulation Unsustainable water withdrawals for irrigation of agricultural land. 15-35% of global irrigation withdrawals are estimated to be unsustainable. Source: MA (2005).

Components of Human Well-Being 3. Changes in Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Components of Human Well-Being General components are: Security Basic material for a good life Health Good social relations Freedom in choice and action, which is enhanced by the previous components

Shortages of Ecosystem Services Affect Human Well-Being 3. Changes in Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Shortages of Ecosystem Services Affect Human Well-Being Linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being. Source: MA (2005).

Only Partial Substitutability! 4. Substitutability and Human Well-Being Only Partial Substitutability! e.g. Substitutability of natural water purification: Limited amount of clean water from water filters BUT dependence on economic status!

5. Drivers of Ecosystem Change Indirect drivers (1/2) Demography: global population doubled in the past 40 years Economy: increase of global economic activity sevenfold between 1950 and 2000 Taxes and subsidies increase resource consumption (e.g. Increase food production  increase water consumption) Socio-Politics: a.o. Public participation  increase in multilateral environmental agreements

5. Drivers of Ecosystem Change Indirect drivers (2/2) Culture and Religion: influence on consumption behaviour and environmental stewardship Science and Technology: e.g. Advances in fishing industry  depletion of marine fish stock

5. Drivers of Ecosystem Change Direct drivers Habitat change In terrestrial ecosystems especially land-cover change to cropland Overexploitation Overfishing in marine ecosystems Invasive species Pollution Esp. Freshwater ecosystems Climate change

Human Reliance on Wetland Services 6. Wetland Services Under Stress Human Reliance on Wetland Services Population growth  more people rely on wetland services Freshwater supply Natural water purification Aquifer recharge

Agriculture and Wetland Services 6. Wetland Services Under Stress Agriculture and Wetland Services Population growth  more people rely on wetland services This can result in: Regional water scarcity due to irrigation Eutrophication of water bodies through excessive fertilization Source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/water-infrastructure/ [Accessed: 30.05.2013] Source: http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/chow5a0/public_html/ [Accessed: 30.05.2013]

7. References MA (2005): Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Synthesis. Washington: World Resources Institute. URL: http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/Synthesis.aspx [Accessed: 03.04.2013]

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