From the desk of the President Mr. Abraham Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation Issued January 1, 1863 Issued January 1, 1863 Freed slaves in Confederate states that had not rejoined the Union Freed slaves in Confederate states that had not rejoined the Union Proclamation could not be enforced, but thousands of slaves considered themselves free Proclamation could not be enforced, but thousands of slaves considered themselves free Refocused the moral cause of the war on abolition Refocused the moral cause of the war on abolition

Effects of the Proclamation Antislavery countries like Britain & France would not intervene to help the South Antislavery countries like Britain & France would not intervene to help the South –Southern states hoped these countries would help to reinvigorate the world’s halted cotton supply Proclamation invited freed slaves to join the Union Army Proclamation invited freed slaves to join the Union Army –Around 180,000 blacks fought for the Union in segregated units

MA 54 th Regiment/African Americans in the military African Americans made up only 1% of the North’s population, but by the end of the war, made up 10% of the Union Army African Americans made up only 1% of the North’s population, but by the end of the war, made up 10% of the Union Army Suffered discrimination: Suffered discrimination: –separate regiments led by white officers, –usually could not rise above rank of captain, –Earned less than white soldiers ($13/month versus $10/month), Higher mortality rate than whites—assigned duty where more likely to catch disease Higher mortality rate than whites—assigned duty where more likely to catch disease Usually not taken as POW, killed on the spot or returned to slavery Usually not taken as POW, killed on the spot or returned to slavery

Gettysburg Address Given in November 1863 at a dedication ceremony at a cemetery in Gettysburg, PA Given in November 1863 at a dedication ceremony at a cemetery in Gettysburg, PA –To commemorate the horrendous 3-day battle with losses over 50,000 men in July 1863 Featured speaker, Edward Everett, spoke for more than 2 hours—Lincoln spoke for a little over 2 minutes Featured speaker, Edward Everett, spoke for more than 2 hours—Lincoln spoke for a little over 2 minutes

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Use of Emergency Powers September 1862 – Lincoln issued a proclamation suspending the writ of habeas corpus September 1862 – Lincoln issued a proclamation suspending the writ of habeas corpus –This allowed individuals in defiance of federal law to be held in prison indefinitely.

Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus A writ of habeas corpus is guaranteed to all citizens by Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution A writ of habeas corpus is guaranteed to all citizens by Article 1, Section 9 of the Constitution –“unless when in cases of rebellion…the public safety may require it.” Lincoln believed that line gave him the right to target those who defied the call to serve in the Union Army, as well as those serving in the Confederacy. Lincoln believed that line gave him the right to target those who defied the call to serve in the Union Army, as well as those serving in the Confederacy. After the war, actions ruled unconstitutional After the war, actions ruled unconstitutional

2 nd Inaugural Address Reelected in 1864 Reelected in 1864 Inauguration speech given March 4, 1865 Inauguration speech given March 4, 1865 Lincoln encouraged, “malice toward none and charity for all…” Lincoln encouraged, “malice toward none and charity for all…” –Not interested in punishing the South –Offered amnesty to all Southerners (except Confederate leaders who had to take an oath of loyalty to the Union) Plan short-lived--died April 15, 1865 Plan short-lived--died April 15, 1865