Quality Control Project Management Unit Credit Value : 4 Essential Learning time : 120 hours Digital Media Department

Learning objectives Discuss the importance of quality assurance. List the three outputs of the quality control process. Understand the tools and techniques for quality control Discuss how software can assist in project quality management. Quality assurance: measuring the overall performance of a project The outputs are: acceptance decisions, rework and process adjustments QC- Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards. Acceptance decisions: asking whether products will be accepted or rejected Rework: actions taken to rejected items Process adjustments: correct or prevent further quality problems Tools and techniques, basic way is using control charts to look for flaws or defects

What is project quality The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines quality as “the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements” (ISO9000:2000). Other experts define quality based on: Conformance to requirements: The project’s processes and products meet written specifications. Fitness for use: A product can be used as it was intended. A definition of project quality. Conformance to requirements = corresponds to requirements/specifications are met Fitness for use: product is functioning well according to what it is expected to do

What is project quality management Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. Processes include: Quality planning: Identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them. Quality assurance: Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. ensures that the project meets its requirements, or does what it is expected to do. Three processes of project quality management

What is project quality management Quality control: Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards.

Project quality management summary Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. Processes include: Quality planning: Identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy them. Quality assurance: Periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards. Quality control: Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards. How project quality mnmt are mapped on the process groups. project quality mnmt processes happen during Planning, executing and monitoring and controlling process groups

Quality planning   Includes identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and how to satisfy those standards. For IT project, quality standards might include allowing for system growth, planning a reasonable response time or ensuring the system produces consistent and accurate information. 1st process of quality planning: note down what to do in a project to meet the quality standards

Quality planning Therefore Quality planning: Implies the ability to anticipate situations and prepare actions to bring about the desired outcome Important to prevent defects by: Selecting proper materials Training and indoctrinating people in quality Planning a process that ensures the appropriate outcome The three points that determines project quality: choosing the right materials, proper project team training, proper planning processes

Design of experiments Design of experiments is a quality planning technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process. Also applies to project management issues, such as cost and schedule trade-offs. Involves documenting important factors that directly contribute to meeting customer requirements. One of the techniques in quality planning Variables/factors/characteristics Trade-offs: An exchange of one thing in return for another

Scope aspects of it projects Functionality is the degree to which a system performs its intended function. Features are the system’s special characteristics that appeal to users. System outputs are the screens and reports the system generates. Scope aspects: requirements/specifications that a PM must take note regarding the quality must achieved

Scope aspects of it projects Performance addresses how well a product or service performs the customer’s intended use. Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions. Maintainability addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product.

Who’s responsible for the quality of projects Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects. Several organizations and references can help project managers and their teams understand quality. International Organization for Standardization (www.iso.org) IEEE (www.ieee.org) ISO -  the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards I triple E - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The IEEE is best known for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry.

Quality assurance Quality assurance includes all the activities related to satisfying the relevant quality standards for a project. Another goal of quality assurance is continuous quality improvement. Benchmarking generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization. Quality assurance is the process of determining whether products meet customers' expectations. i.e. measuring overall performance of products/services Benchmarking (one of the ways for quality improvement) is simply making comparison between specific projects

Quality assurance A quality audit is a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects. to verify conformance/correspondance to standards through review of objective evidence. may verify the effectiveness of a quality management system

Quality control Although one of the main goals of QC is to improve quality, its main outcomes are: Acceptance decisions- Determine if the products or services produced as part of the project will be accepted. Rework – action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with products specifications or stakeholder expectations. Monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards. Acceptance decisions – ask whether produces will be accepted or rejected Rework – actions taken to rejected items. Usually performing the work again to make sure quality standards are met

Quality control Process adjustments – to correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements (for e.g. purchase faster server if response time is too slow) Rework and process adjustments can be very expensive, hence it is important to have proper planning and quality assurance to avoid the need for rework and process adjustments. Process adjustments – prevent or correct further quality problems

question Which is the BEST definition of quality? A. A product made of very expensive materials. B. A product made with a lot of care by the team who built it. C. A product that satisfies the requirements of the people who pay for it. D. A product that passes all of its tests.

question What are the key aspects of quality? Value for money, reliable, durable, functional, consistent, good design. Good performance, reliable, expensive, good customer service, unique. Unbreakable, ageless, cheap, colourful, attractive. All of the above.

question The process of comparing an actual project to other projects to find out if any improvements can be made and to provide a basis to measure performance. What is this process? Quality Assurance. Benchmarking. Design of Experiments Performance Comparison

Tools and techniques for Quality control

Quality control charts A control chart is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time The main use of control charts is to prevent defects, rather than to detect or reject them Quality control charts allow you to determine whether a process is in control or out of control. The most basic form of quality control technique When a process is in control, any variations in the results of the process are created by random events; processes that are in control do not need to be adjusted When a process is out of control, variations in the results of the process are caused by nonrandom events; you need to identify the causes of those nonrandom events and adjust the process to correct or eliminate them

Seven run rule An example of a control chart

Seven run rule You can use quality control charts and the seven run rule to look for patterns in data The seven run rule states that if seven data points in a row are all below the mean, above the mean, or are all increasing or decreasing, then the process needs to be examined for nonrandom problems

testing Many IT professionals think of testing as a stage that comes near the end of IT product development Testing should be done during almost every phase of the IT product development life cycle Testing is a looping process. Its happens almost everytime in a product development life cycle it verifies that the product (system) meets the functional, performance, design, and implementation requirements

Types of tests Unit testing - tests each individual component (often a program) to ensure it is as defect-free as possible Integration testing - occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components Unit testing - The goal here is to remove functional defects at the lowest level Integration testing - the goal here is to ensure that the correct data is extracted, transferred, received, and used, all while observing the appropriate controls and security protocols.

Types of tests System testing - tests the entire system as one entity User acceptance testing - is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system System testing - the goal is to ensure that the system, including all software, hardware, network and user actors, works reliably. User acceptance testing - The goal here is to exercise not just the system under test but all supporting capabilities, from user training to problem reporting and resolution to managing updates and planned outages.

Modern quality management Requires customer satisfaction Prefers prevention to inspection Recognizes management responsibility for quality The aims of modern quality management

Quality in project management Emphasizing quality in project management helps ensure that projects produce products or services that meet customer needs and expectations. i.e. defining the quality parameters, the testing requirement etc. should be incorporated in project management.

5 cost categories related to quality Prevention cost: Cost of planning and executing a project so it is error-free or within an acceptable error range. Appraisal cost: Cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality. Internal failure cost: Cost incurred to correct an identified defect before the customer receives the product. quality costs or cost of quality is a means to quantify the total cost of quality-related efforts and deficiencies.

5 cost categories related to quality External failure cost: Cost that relates to all errors not detected and corrected before delivery to the customer. Measurement and test equipment costs: Capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities.

Using software to assist in project quality management Spreadsheet and charting software helps create Pareto diagrams, fishbone diagrams, and so on. Statistical software packages help perform statistical analysis. Project management software helps create Gantt charts and other tools to help plan and track work related to quality management.

summary Project quality management ensures that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken. Main processes include: Quality planning Quality assurance Quality control Quality planning – identify which relevant quality should a product follow Quality assurance: measuring the overall performance of a project The outputs of QA are: acceptance decisions, rework and process adjustments QC – monitoring the project results using control chart

Contact For Tutorial and Notes Cikguhadi.com Suhardi.suhaimi@pb.edu.bn Digital Media Department