UNIFICATION OF ITALY

INTRODUCTION: After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was fragmented into states of various sizes. Some parts were even held by countries like Austria much as it had been before Napoleon After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was fragmented into states of various sizes. Some parts were even held by countries like Austria much as it had been before Napoleon Inspired by the French Revolution Inspired by the French Revolution Several attempts at unity were made in the first half of the 1800s Several attempts at unity were made in the first half of the 1800s A strong move for unity finally occurred in the Spring of 1860 A strong move for unity finally occurred in the Spring of 1860

Put the information about the following people on your chart

COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR Prime Minister of Piedmont (Northern Italy) Prime Minister of Piedmont (Northern Italy) Wrote essays on railroads – could unite Italy economically Wrote essays on railroads – could unite Italy economically Got French to help drive Austrians out of Northern Italy and annexed North and Central Italy to Kingdom of Piedmont Got French to help drive Austrians out of Northern Italy and annexed North and Central Italy to Kingdom of Piedmont

GIUSEPPE GARIBLADI Led a group of volunteers called the “Red Shirt” army United most of the southern half of the Italian peninsula with the Kingdom of Sardinia Agreed to join it with Piedmont

VICTOR EMMANUEL II Was confirmed king of Italy in 1860 after elections were held His new kingdom included all of Italy except Venetia and the western part of the Papal States around the city of Rome

FINAL UNIFICATION Italy gained Venetia in the Seven Weeks’ War of 1866 Rome voted overwhelmingly to unite with Italy in 1870, and later that year became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy Although politically united, Italy continued to remain unstable for many years

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

INTRODUCTION: Napoleon had abolished the Holy Roman Empire and reorganized many German states into the Confederation of the Rhine Prussia and Austria were the leading Germany states, but Austria held many non-German lands and peoples Prussia wanted unity, but Austria did not, because it could not bring its non- German territories into Germany

GERMAN STATES BEFORE UNIFICATION

PRUSSIA Organized German states into a customs union (an economic confederation) Otto von Bismarck, Prussia’s Chancellor, followed a policy of “Blood and Iron” to unite Germany Achieved unification through Prussia’s economic and military power New technology (rifle and railroad) helped Prussia build the most powerful army in Europe

WILLIAM I (Wilhelm I) Became king of Prussia in 1861

ADD BISMARK AND WILLIAM (WILHELM) II TO YOUR CHART

OTTO VON BISMARCK Appointed to head the Prussian cabinet in 1862 Opposed democracy and the idea of a parliament Built the Prussian army into a great war machine Followed a policy of realpolitik (politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics)

UNIFICATION PROCESS Bismarck orchestrated three wars – The Danish War, the Seven Weeks’ War, and the Franco-Prussian War to drive Austria out of its leadership position in the German Confederation Prussia overcame Austria’s influence over the southern German states After defeating Austria and France, Bismarck was lenient with Austria, but took France’s territories of Alsace and Lorraine and charged them a huge indemnity.

UNIFIED AT LAST January 18, 1871 a proclamation was issued that declared the formation of a German Empire The empire included all German states except Austria Berlin became the capital of the new empire

WILLIAM II (Wilhelm II) Set out to expand Germany’s colonial empire Brought Germany into competition with Great Britain militarily By the 1900s, Germany emerged stronger than ever before

LEFT SIDE ACTIVITY Draw a recruiting poster for Italian or German unification to inspire prospective soldiers to join your cause to unify your country.