Drill, physical training & Physical Education in state schools Historical Studies

PE State in Schools – Why Change? 1933 1902: Model Course 1970 – 1980’s: National Curriculum 1950: Moving & Growing

The Model Course 1902 Learning Objectives; Understand the objectives, content and methodology of the Model Course. Know the reasons for change from this course.

Boer War – 1899 – 1902 First World War – 1914 – 18 Second World War – 1939 - 45

What we are interested in . . . Objectives – aims or intentions of a lesson/syllabus, e.g. Physical or military fitness Content - The subject matter or activities taught in the lesson, e.g. Weapons drills or games skills Methodology – The teaching style used for delivery, e.g. Command or problem solving

For each stage: WHAT WHO WHEN WHERE WHY HOW

1900

1933

1950

1970

1980

Possible Reasons for Change: Educational philosophy Idealism & accountability of teachers Standards of living Social class system Provision Teacher training WAR Health standards National curriculum

1902 Model Course Background 40–60% of men presenting for service were physically unfit to fight. This was the first time in which the government was forced to take notice of how unhealthy the British population was. Rejected 380 out of each 1000 recruits

Humiliation of the British Army Following the humiliation of the British Army by a small group of Dutch settlers in the Boer War the Generals and Politicians decided to blame: The Board of Education (now called the DFES) and the War Office devised a new programme of PE called the Model Course of Physical Training. Lack of Fitness of the soldiers. Swedish Drill being taught in schools.

Colonel Fox A long-serving army officer. His regime involved basic military drill. It was heavily criticised for treating children like soldiers.

End of 19th Century Background Board Schools – FORSTER EDUCATION ACT 1870 Previously parish responsibility 5 – 10 school compulsory 1899 raised to 12 Progress in terms of provision Restricted space, no playing facilities

Influences European Gymnastics; SWEEDISH & GERMAN Board schools built to look like churches; no playing fields Lack of equipment; Staves (dummy weapons)

German Gymnastics

German Gym

OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY Fitness for army recruits Discipline Give working class opportunity / public schools 1870 military 1890 Swedish 1900 games alternative Authoritarian/command Taught by army non-commissioned officers 1870’s Taught by qualified class teachers in 1890’s CONTENT METHODOLOGY

1902 Model Course Background Military needs greater than educational Therapeutic approach abandoned Girls and boys together No change for age or gender Treated as soldiers NCO’s teachers Dull/reptitive – CHEAP Large numbers in a small space Poor diet, bad housing, and other social deprivation Lowered status of subject

Using background information can you come up with 1902: OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY

Objectives Improve fitness for working class (for military service) Training in handling of weapons Discipline Preparation for employment/ armed forces.

Content Military Drill Exercises Weapon Training Deep Breathing

Methodology Command-response (for example, ‘Attention’, ‘Stand at Ease’, ‘Marching, about turn’) Group response/no individuality In ranks Commands issued by NCO’s (Non commissioned Officers)

1919 syllabus Just after the WW1. No public school generation. Lack of fitness was blamed on the working class. However Dr George Newman said that the lessons were not to blame and that they were ‘remedial exercises and morale-boosting recreational activities’.

Homework Research and come to next lesson with a brief outline of the ‘Wall Street Crash’ Can you discover any other significant events, happenings, people from 1930’s

1930’s Background Depression – working class unemployed (NO benefits) ‘Syllabus of Physical Training’ – age differentiated +11 Dr George Newman Taylor Emphasis on skill and posture. A detailed respected syllabus Newman stated that good nourishment, hygiene and physical training was required for normal healthy development.

The 1933 syllabus- playground games.

Using background information can you come up with 1933: OBJECTIVES CONTENT METHODOLOGY

Objectives Therapeutic effect Correction of posture faults and defects Improvement to the circulatory system Educational – develop alertness and decision making

Content Athletics, gym and games skills were a feature along with group work Group work was a central part of the lessons

Methodology Some decentralised parts to lesson Teacher using an instructional style of teaching. Children doing the SAME tasks in unison. Some decentralised parts to lesson More teacher – pupil interaction. 5 x 20 min lessons per week Decentralised: Teacher using a guided style of teaching. Children working at their OWN pace and answering in OWN style.