Kathryn H. Braund Dept. of History, Auburn University
Who is this man? What can we learn from the portrait? How does he present himself? What do the portrait details reveal about status, ethnicity, race?
William McIntosh Full-length oil portrait, 1821 Nathan and Joseph Negus Ala. Dept. of Archives and History
Tribes sovereign, independent nations Gov’t to gov’t relationship with federal gov’t (not states) Purchase land for national expansion by public treaty under authority of United States 4
5 Two assumptions Indians aren’t “civilized” some can become “civilized” Southeastern Indians Intermarriage and “progress” 1790 Treaty of New York (Creek) 1791 Treaty of Holstein (Cherokee)
Commercial Agriculture Private Property New Roles for Women weaving “domesticity” Slave Labor Move out of Towns to individual farms Stock Raising not Hunting 6
Literacy Christianity linear vs. circular “time” “real” vs. “mythic” history books vs. story tellers education by the state, not family 7
End “law of blood” concept of individual vs. clan responsibility law “menders” dispatched by council replace clan vengeance 8
National Council centralize power and “speak” for all the towns leaders receive “gifts” from U.S. shift away from consensus to accommodation 9
Widening gaps in views and lifestyle “progressives” move away from towns stock “plantations” at Tensaw away from dictates of clan authority and town government many--but not all-of mixed ancestry 10
More demands for land from Georgia Trouble Spots Cumberland: TN Okmulgee: GA Tombigbee: MS Terr. Federal Road: 1805 travelers immigrants cattle 11
Accommodation and acculturation Hawkins and his National Council Drive out intruders and revitalize traditional town culture and religion Red Sticks 12
19 th Century Print. Private Collection.
Progressives— aggressive embrace of “civilization” Constitutional Government Literacy Voluntary removal Cooperation
Turning Point Civilization Removal William McIntosh