Essential Question: How did the “Second Industrial Revolution” transform the U.S. during the Gilded Age? Warm-Up Question: To what extent had the United States developed a “national market economy” by the outbreak of the Civil War (1860)? What developments were still needed to improve America’s national market economy? Lesson Plan for Monday, November 24, 2008: Warm-up question, The Rise of Industry & Urbanization Notes

Gilded Age Industrialization During the Gilded Age, American businesses were transformed: Massive corporations replaced small, family businesses New technology, transportation, marketing, labor relations, & efficient mass-production By 1900, the U.S. was the most industrialized country in the world

The Business of Invention 19th-century inventors led to an “Age of Invention”: Cyrus Field’s telegraph cable Business typewriters, cash registers, adding machines High-speed textile spindles, auto looms, sewing machines George Eastman’s Kodak camera Alexander G. Bell’s telephone By 1905, 10 million Americans had phones; (Bell Telephone Co became AT&T) 13

The Business of Invention Thomas Edison, the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” created the 1st research lab in New York Edison Illuminating Co was the to 1st use electric light in 1882 Tesla’s alternating current (AC) allowed electricity to travel over longer distances & to power streetcars & factories

The Business of Invention New technologies allowed for increased industrial production New machines were incorporated into the first assembly lines which allowed for continuous & faster production of goods The railroad linked every region of America & allowed for a mass consumption of goods 13

The Midwest Made Meat for America A new-and-improved “market revolution”: More regional specialization made mass production & mass consumption possible (Chicago→meat, St Louis→beer, & Minneapolis→grain)

New Methods of Marketing Marketing became a “science”: Advertising firms boomed Department stores like Macy’s & Marshall Field’s allowed customers to browse & buy Chain stores like A&P Grocery & Woolworth’s “Five & Ten” Mail-order catalogues, like Montgomery Ward sold to all parts of America 14

New Forms of Business Organization “Trusts” use a board of trustees to manage a company “Holding companies” oversee & manage other subsidiary companies New types of business organization were used to increase profits: “Trusts” & “holding companies” integrated various businesses under 1 board of directors Vertical & horizontal integration maximized corporate profits Frederick Taylor’s “scientific management” emphasized time efficiency & mid-level managers Led to monopolists like Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, & Rockefeller 13

Vertical & Horizontal Integration U. S. Corporate Mergers By 1900, 1% of U.S. companies controlled 33% of all industry

New Forms of Business Organization Business leaders used a variety of ideas to justify their wealth: The “Gospel of Wealth” argued that it is God's will that some men attained great wealth Social Darwinism taught that natural competition weeds out the weak & the strong survive Were monopolists “captains of industry” or “robber barons”? 14

The Industrialization of America

The Second Industrial Revolution was fueled by 3 industries: railroads, steel, & oil

The Railroad Industry Cornelius “the Commodore” Vanderbilt was the most powerful figure in the railroad industry America’s first “big business” was the railroad industry: Railroads stimulated the coal, petroleum, & iron/steel industries Large companies bought small railroads, standardized gauges & schedules, & pooled cars Small lines in the east acted as tributaries to the 4 great trunk lines into the West 3

Problems of Growth Speculators like Jay Gould built & bought rail lines to profit with little concern for efficient use But, the railroad industry faced problems due to overbuilding in the 1870s & 1880s: Mass competition among RRs RR lines offered special rates & rebates (secret discounts) to lure passengers & freight on their lines Pooling & consolidation failed to help over-speculation 8

Problems of Growth RR bosses asked bank financier J.P. Morgan to save their industry: Morgan created a traffic-sharing plan to end wasteful competition “Morganization” fixed costs, cut debt, stabilized rates, issued new stock, & ended rebates Created a “board of trustees” By 1900, 7 giant (centralized & efficient) rail systems dominated 8

The Steel Industry Steel transformed world industry: Allowed for taller buildings, longer bridges, stronger railroad lines, & heavier machinery Andrew Carnegie’s company made more steel than England Carnegie converted his steel plants to the Bessemer process & was able to out-produce his competition & offer lower prices Andrew Carnegie was the great example of the “American Dream” & social mobility Henry Bessemer (& William Kelly) turned iron into steel in 1850s—process allowed for mass production of steel 9

International Steel Production, 1880-1914 The U.S. was ideal for steel production because it had lots of coal, iron, & railroads

Rockefeller and Oil Petroleum also changed industry New industrial machines needed kerosene for lighting & lubricants John D. Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry, lowered oil costs & improved the quality of oil By 1879, Standard Oil ruled 90% of all U.S. oil & sold to Asia, Africa, & South America In 1863, John D. Rockefeller created Standard Oil Company in Cleveland (at age 24!); he also used spies, bribery, threats 12

Standard Oil: The Monster Monopoly?

Essential Question: What role did the business leaders play in stabilizing the chaotic business cycles of the Gilded Age? Reading Quiz Ch 18 B (625—639) Lesson Plan for Tuesday, November 25, 2008: RQ 18B, Finish Industrialism notes, Examine Center for Learning Activity #26, Using Mindsparks overheads to develop a class discussion: Were Gilded Age corporate leaders “robber barons” or “captains of industry”?

The Industrial Workers

Industrial Workers Industrial work was hard: Laborers worked long hours & received low wages but had expensive living costs Industrial work was unskilled, dangerous, & monotonous Gender, religious, & racial biases led to different pay scales These conditions led to a small, but significant union movement Low wages ($400-500/year but living cost $600); railroad injury rate 1 in 26, death rate 1 in 399; Composition of work force in 1900: 20% women (in 296 of 303 jobs) 10% of girls & 20% of boys had jobs (“child labor” meant ↓14 yrs) all children poorly paid, but girls less than boys; Earning comparisons: Adults > Children; Men > Women; Skilled > Unskilled; Protestants > Catholics or Jews; Whites > Blacks & Asians; Blacks worked menial jobs; Chinese worked on Pacific Coast; often discriminated against (Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882)

Early American Labor Unions In 1868, Knights of Labor formed to help all type of workers escape the “wage system” The most successful union, the American Federation of Labor (1886) led by Samuel Gompers: Made up only of skilled labor & sought practical objectives (better pay, hours, conditions) Included 1/3 of all U.S. laborers Membership regardless of skill, race, or sex The KoL lacked organization to survive Excluded women, blacks, unskilled laborers 17

The U.S. experienced an “era of strikes” from 1870-1890 The Great RR Strike of 1877 shut down railroads from WV to CA & resulted in hundreds of deaths During the Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8-hr day; led to mob violence & the death of the Knights of Labor The Homestead Strike (1892) resulted from a 20% pay cut at one of Carnegie’s steel plants

Essential Question: How did the industrialization of the Gilded Age transform cities & immigration in America? Reading Quiz Ch 19 A (648—663) Lesson Plan for Wednesday, December 3, 2008: RQ 19A, Urbanization notes & Immigration activity

Urbanization: 1870-1900

Gilded Age Urbanization From 1870 to 1900, American cities grew 700% due to new job opportunities in factories: European, Latin American, & Asian immigrants flooded cities Blacks migrated into the North Rural farmers moved from the countryside to cities

The Lure of the City By 1920, for the 1st time in U.S. history, more than 50% of the American population lived in cities

Skyscrapers and Suburbs By the 1880s, steel allowed cities to build skyscrapers The Chicago fire of 1871 allowed for rebuilding with new designs: John Root & Louis Sullivan were the “fathers of modern urban architecture” New York & other cities used Chicago as their model

Louis Sullivan “Form follows function” John Root “Simple & Dignified”

Skyscrapers and Suburbs Cities developed distinct zones: Central business district with working- & upper-class residents Middle-class in the suburbs Electric streetcars & elevated rapid transit made travel easy

Tenements & Overcrowding ½ of NYC’s buildings were tenements which housed the poor working class “Dumbbell” tenements were popular but were cramped & plagued by firetraps Slums had poor sanitation, polluted water & air, tuberculosis Homicide, suicide, & alcoholism rates all increased in U.S. cities Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)

Jacob Riis’ “How the Other Half Lives” (1890) exposed the poverty of the urban poor

Strangers in a New Land From 1880-1920, 23 million immigrants came looking for jobs: These “new” immigrants were from eastern & southern Europe; Catholics & Jews, not Protestant Kept their language & religion; created ethnic newspapers, schools, & social associations Led to a resurgence in Nativism & attempts to limit immigration Resurgence of the Nativism of the 1850s 4 of every 10 Americans today can trace their ancestry through Ellis Island’s gates

Immigration to the U.S., 1870-1900

Foreign-born Population, 1890 The influx of ethnic nationalities led to a new “melting pot” (“salad bowl”?) national image

Urban Political Machines Urban “political machines” were loose networks of party precinct captains led by a “boss” Tammany Hall was the most famous machine; Boss Tweed led the corrupt “Tweed Ring” Political machines were not all corrupt (“honest graft”); helped the urban poor & built public works like the Brooklyn Bridge NY County Courthouse supposed to cost city $250,000 but ended up costing $13million.

Boss Tweed Tweed Courthouse—NY County Courthouse was supposed to cost $250,000 but cost $13 million. But the Tweed Ring catered to immigrants by building the Brooklyn Bridge & hosting holiday barbeques

Social Changes in the Gilded Age Women made up 40% of university students Urbanization changed society: The U.S. saw an increase in self-sufficient female workers Most states had compulsory education laws & kindergartens 150 new public & private colleges were formed Cities set aside land for parks & American workers found time for vaudeville & baseball Private philanthropy led to Stanford, Tulane, Vanderbilt, Cornell, & the Univ of Chicago Land Grant Act (1862) led to the Universities of WI, CA, MN, IL “Family time” disappeared for working class People of all races married later & had fewer children

Conclusions: Industrialization’s Benefits & Costs

American Industrialization Benefits of rapid industrialization: The U.S. became the world’s #1 industrial power Per capita wealth doubled Improving standard of living Human cost of industrialization: Exploitation of workers; growing gap between rich & poor Rise of giant monopolies 19