Cells & Organelles

Cells Smallest unit of life Made up of ORGANELLES separate part of the cell with a unique function Two types Plant Cell Animal Cell

Essential Functions Cells have 5 Essential Functions Structure Transportation Information Storage & Command Production Energy All organelles fall into ONE OR MORE of these categories

Nucleus Function Manages cell organelles Contains the cell’s genetic information Features: Nucleolus makes ribosomes Found inside the nucleus

Nucleus Features cont.: Nuclear membrane Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell.

Cytoplasm Functions: Allows chemical reactions Supports organelles (like pieces of fruit in jelly) Features: Jelly-like 70-90% water

Cytoskeleton *a network of protein fibers Functions: Gives strength, support & shape to the cell Provides movement for objects inside cell Features: Can be dis- and reassembled to change shape of cell Acts like a monorail system for transport using “motor proteins.”

Mitochondria Function: the center of cell respiration/energy processing Converts glucose (sugar) from food to useable form of energy called ATP. ATP is used by cells to do work. Features: double membranes own DNA

Cell Membrane Function: Controls what enters/exits the cell Features: found around outside of cell Selectively permeable: only allows certain substances in and out of cell.

Cell Membrane Feature cont.: made of a phospholipid bilayer Swap a phosphate for one fatty acid in a triglyceride Hydrophilic phosphate faces the water Hydrophobic tails gather together away from water

Organelles Some organelles are part of a system of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (to put together) Assembly Transport Storage

Rough ER Function: Specializes in making proteins and transporting them Features: Long membrane “channels” Attached to nuclear membrane. Does have ribosomes attached

Ribosomes Function: make proteins for the cell to use Features: Some floating free in the cytoplasm Some attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER Function: transport and communication Synthesis of fats & carbohydrates Features: No ribosomes attached has tubes and canals.

Golgi Apparatus Function: Makes membranes creates some products for secretion packages proteins for storage and/or shipment Features: Looks like stacks of pancakes Many layers of membranes

Vesicles Function: Carry finished products to interior or exterior of cell. Feature: Membranes formed from Golgi or Cell Membrane

Lysosome Function: Digest worn out organelles & foreign particles Destroy bacteria Remove toxic wastes Features: Contain digestive enzymes About 40 types http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w10R9lv7eQ&feature=endscreen&NR=1

Cell Wall Function: Provides rigid support and structure to plant cells Features: Found outside the cell membrane Made mostly of carbohydrates

Chloroplast Function: convert light energy into food (sugars and starches) Features: Contain pigments (like chlorophyll) that help capture light energy Have own DNA

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Practice What are the 5 essential functions of a cell? List 2 organelles that could fall into each category.