Cells & Organelles page 20

Organelles? Specialized structures with specialized functions Golgi Organelles? mitochondria Specialized structures with specialized functions Containers / Organization Membranes as sites for chemical reactions chloroplast

Cells have to work to live… What do cells have to do? Make proteins Proteins control EVERY cell function Make energy For daily life & growth Food & water storage Maintain homeostasis Movement Miscellaneous

THE PROTEIN ASSEMBLY LINE Building Proteins Organelles involved: Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Vesicles THE PROTEIN ASSEMBLY LINE Nucleus  Ribosome  ER  Golgi apparatus  Vesicles

Nucleus = contains DNA – genetic information Known as the “control center” of the cell Gives the instructions for protein synthesis

Ribosomes = Site of protein production (where proteins are made) RNA gets the code from DNA and takes it to the ribosomes They look like small dots!

Making Energy Cells must convert incoming energy to forms that they can use for work Organelles involved: Mitochondria Glucose  ATP Chloroplast Sunlight  Glucose ATP

Mitochondria = where energy (ATP) is made Known as the “powerhouse” of the cell Contains folds called cristae If you INCREASE the surface area (# of folds), MORE energy is made!

Chloroplast = where photosynthesis takes place Makes GLUCOSE! ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE CHLOROPLAST! Remember  photosynthesis is the reaction plants use to make their own food

Food & Water Storage Organelle involved Vacuole

Vacuole = stores waste (mostly water) Larger in plant cells than animal cells Plants need to absorb excess water Larger Vacuole = More water Smaller Vacuole = Less water

Maintain Homeostasis Stable internal environment Organelle involved: Plasma membrane

Plasma Membrane = responsible for maintaining a stable, internal environment AKA HOMEOSTASIS It allows certain materials in to and out of the cell Known as the “gatekeeper” AKA : Semi-permeable Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer

Plasma Membrane Made of many PHOSPHOLIPIDS Heads: Hydrophilic (Water loving) Tails: Hydrophobic (Water fearing)

Movement Organelles involved: Cilia Flagella

Cilia & Flagella Cilia = movement; short, hair-like structure Flagella = movement; long, whip-like structure

Cell Wall = provides structure and support to PLANT cells ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE A CELL WALL Located on the outside of the plasma membrane

Cytoplasm = gel-like substance throughout the cell that holds the organelles in place