How did the struggle between King and Parliament End Divine Right in England? A look at the English Civil War By Mr. Stankus

Vocabulary CommonwealthCommonwealth Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell CavaliersCavaliers RoundheadsRoundheads Charles ICharles I ConstitutionConstitution Rump ParliamentRump Parliament Long ParliamentLong Parliament Petition of RightPetition of Right

Constitutionalism in England James I: belief in “divine right of kings”James I: belief in “divine right of kings” –King of Scotland; son of Mary “Queen of Scots”

Charles I ( ): sought to rule without Parliament and to control the Anglican Churchsought to rule without Parliament and to control the Anglican Church

Petition of Right, 1628: Parliament attempt to bribe king (taxes) in return for accepting Parliament’s right to tax, habeas corpus, no quartering, and no martial law in peacetimeParliament attempt to bribe king (taxes) in return for accepting Parliament’s right to tax, habeas corpus, no quartering, and no martial law in peacetime –Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629; did not reconvene until 1640 –Religious persecution most important reason for civil war: led by Archbishop Laud –Long Parliament – summoned in 1640 (after failure of 2-month “Short Parliament”) –In return for granting taxation, Parliament made demands: –certain high leaders be tried: (Laud eventually executed) –Star Chamber abolished –Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its consent

The English Civil War (Puritan Revolution; Great Rebellion) – (Puritan Revolution; Great Rebellion) – –Cavaliers: supported the king –Roundheads, Puritans opposed king; Oliver Cromwell led “New Model Army”

Causes of Civil War Long Term Causes: – –James I vs. Parliament Short Term Causes: – –Charles I personality – –Money and Religious differences

Charles I beheaded in 1649 Interregnum: rule without kingInterregnum: rule without king

The Commonwealth ( ) a republic – abolished monarch and House of Lords a republic – abolished monarch and House of Lords House of Commons runs the entire governmentHouse of Commons runs the entire government

The Protectorate ( ), Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector (Dictatorship)Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector (Dictatorship) Leviathan- written by Thomas HobbesLeviathan- written by Thomas Hobbes

The Restoration ( ) The Restoration ( ) Parliament in 1660 reelected according to old franchise: Anglicans back in powerParliament in 1660 reelected according to old franchise: Anglicans back in power Charles II “The Merry Monarch” ( ): Stuarts restored to the throneCharles II “The Merry Monarch” ( ): Stuarts restored to the throne Declaration of Breda: Charles agreed to abide by Parliament’s demandsDeclaration of Breda: Charles agreed to abide by Parliament’s demands Habeas Corpus Act (1679):Habeas Corpus Act (1679): A person accused of a crime is entitled to be brought before a judge and informed in writing of the charges against him. (Writ of habeas corpus). Prisoners are entitled to be released on bail and a speedy jury trial.

Parliament was split- two political parties Tories: king’s supporters, noblesTories: king’s supporters, nobles Whigs: middle-class and merchants; also high aristocracyWhigs: middle-class and merchants; also high aristocracy –Scotland gained its independence in 1660 as result of Restoration –Charles attempted to impose Anglicanism in Scotland; war resulted

Review Was the execution of Charles I justified?Was the execution of Charles I justified? What if Charles I and Parliament reached an agreement on control of the government and the army, would the civil war have happened anyway?What if Charles I and Parliament reached an agreement on control of the government and the army, would the civil war have happened anyway? Why was the throne restored after Cromwell’s commonwealth?Why was the throne restored after Cromwell’s commonwealth?

Vocabulary Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus Prime MinisterPrime Minister RestorationRestoration James IIJames II Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes John LockeJohn Locke Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy Toleration Act English Bill of Rights William and Mary Tories Whigs Glorious Revolution

James II ( ): sought to Catholicize England; forced to abdicate Glorious Revolution (1688) William III (William of Orange) and Mary: Protestantism secured in England Toleration act 1689 Freedom of worship for non-Anglican Protestants. Bill of Rights 1689

English bill of Rights - signed by William and Mary The Monarch may not do the following unless Parliament approves: – –A. Suspend or make laws – –B. Levy taxes – –C. Maintain an army Monarch may not interfere with Parliamentary elections or debates. Parliament may meet frequently King or Queen must be Anglican in religion. People are guaranteed: – –A. Right to petition the government – –B. Impartial and speedy trial – –C. Protection against excessive bail and fine. – –D. Protection from cruel and unusual punishment. The English Bill of Rights (1689) served as a model for the American Bill of Rights (1789).

Hanover Kings: George I, George II,George III George I did not speak English; he came from Germany. He delegated his power to his chief minister.George I did not speak English; he came from Germany. He delegated his power to his chief minister. George II allowed Parliament to choose his advisors. The chief minister became known as Prime Minister. The advisors became known as the CabinetGeorge II allowed Parliament to choose his advisors. The chief minister became known as Prime Minister. The advisors became known as the Cabinet By the reign of George III, the Prime Minister and Cabinet were coming from the Parliament exercising both legislative and executive power.By the reign of George III, the Prime Minister and Cabinet were coming from the Parliament exercising both legislative and executive power. Under the Hanover Kings, the monarch was becoming a figurehead.Under the Hanover Kings, the monarch was becoming a figurehead.

How did the growth of suffrage influence British politics? Suffrage - right to vote evolution — slow, gradual change

Undemocratic Features of English Government in 1750 Property qualifications for voting Only male adults could vote Voting by show of hands; not secret ballot Unfair representation — seats in House of Commons did not change as population shifted to the cities. Only property owners and Protestants could hold public office Hereditary House of Lords had the same power as an elected House of Commons

Reform Bill of 1832 Reduced property qualifications thereby extending suffrage to the middle class Cities received more representatives in House of Commons House of Commons shifted from representing landed aristocracy to industrial middle class

Other Reform Bills 1867 — Further reduced property qualifications for voting Extended vote to farm workers Universal manhood suffrage. Women over 30 could vote 1928 — Universal suffrage for all people over 21