Biology 322 Human Anatomy I Cells and Tissues (Basic Cytology and Histology)

Recall: SYSTEMS are composed of one or more organs, all serving a common function ORGANELLES are composed of different types of molecules, all serving a common function ORGANS are composed of one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function TISSUES are composed of one or more types of cells and their products, all serving a common function CELLS are composed of different types of organelles, all serving a common function

All cells in the human body share some important characteristics:

Cells:

Cells: Size:

Cells: Shape:

Independent Study: Your textbook discusses the organelles of most cells. You should understand the basic structure and function of each of the following: Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vesicles Cytoskeleton You will be responsible for these on exams You should also understand the basic structure and function of cilia and flagella

Plasma Membrane: Also called "plasmalemma" May have special names in specific types of cells e.g. "sarcolemma" in muscle cells, "neurolemma" in nerve cells - Keeps inside in and outside out while - Contolling movement of ions/molecules into and out of cell - Interacts with other cells and with extracellular materials around cell - Allows cell to recognize and respond to chemical signals

Plasma Membrane: Basic structure =

Plasma Membrane: Has specialized junctions for cell-to-cell attachment and/or communication 1.

Plasma Membrane: Has specialized junctions for cell-to-cell attachment and/or communication 2.

Plasma Membrane: Has specialized junctions for cell-to-cell attachment and/or communication 3.

Let's move on to tissues

Recall: SYSTEMS are composed of one or more organs, all serving a common function ORGANS are composed of one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function TISSUES are composed of one or more types of cells and their products, all serving a common function

All tissues:

With only a few, rare exceptions, all organs of the human body are composed of four types of tissue: Each of these can have one or more subtypes

Let’s start with Epithelium - Covers body surfaces (e.g. skin, cornea) - Lines body cavities (e.g. peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity - Lines insides of hollow organs (e.g. stomach, heart, lung. aorta, oviduct) - Forms glands (e.g. sweat glands, pancreas, salivary glands)

Characteristics of Epithelium Functional characteristics of epithelia

Epithelium always supported by

Epithelium Different types for different functions. Classified according to:

Epithelium Number of layers Shape of surface cells

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

(Stratified) Transitional Epithelium

Epithelium No good examples of stratified columnar epithelium. Found only in parts of the male reproductive system

Epithelium also forms all glands in the body Glands classified by a) b)

Exocrine glands also classified by c)

Characteristics of Connective Tissue Functional characteristics of connective tissues

Connective Tissues Ordinary connective tissues Specialized connective tissues

Ordinary Connective Tissues Common cells Fibers

Loose Areolar Connective Tissues

Adipose Connective Tissues

Dense Regular Connective Tissues

Dense Irregular Connective Tissues

Specialized Connective Tissues: Hyaline Cartilage

Specialized Connective Tissues: Elastic Cartilage

Specialized Connective Tissues: Fibrous Cartilage

Specialized Connective Tissues: Bone

Muscle Tissue:

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle Muscle Muscle Myocytes Nuclei Striations

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth More detail on muscle tissues and their cells when we discuss the muscular system

Nervous Tissue: (no subtypes) 1) 2)