A B C Bottom resting Feeding Swimming Courtship Hartman, 1979.

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Presentation transcript:

A B C Bottom resting Feeding Swimming Courtship Hartman, 1979

Manatees Strategies to stay on bottom at low cost Dense and heavy bones Dense skin Large lungs Ballast

Maneuverability Pectoral flippers or tailfluke Contractions of hemidiaphragms Position in water column Pitch and roll

Rommel and Reynolds, 2000

Manatee diaphragm Rommel and Reynolds, 2000

Compartmentalization Need to be distinct muscular units Separated by connective tissue elements With separate sources of innervation Termed “ neuromuscular compartments ”

Hypothesis Manatee hemidiaphragms are compartmentalized.

Methods Gross anatomical studies

Connective tissue elements Phrenic nerve VC Bundles

Connective tissue elements VC Bundle

Connective tissue elements VC Bundles X X X

Multi-directional fibers M. Newson, 1996 Manatee Diaphragm Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

Conclusions VC bundles separate diaphragm into 1.0 cm-wide blocks Muscle fibers insert into VC bundles Branches of phrenic nerve innervate groups of blocks Compartments may be composed of groups of blocks

D. Perrine, 2001