CHAPTER 24 THE TRIUMPH OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES: WESTERN ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC, INTELLECTUAL, AND CULTURAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS,

The Middle Classes and Their Influences “Upstairs, Downstairs” The English Example Middle-Class Christianity

The Human Costs of Industrialization The Factory System Women and Child Labor Urban Crises The Labor Movement The “Internationals” and Europe’s Socialism

The Second Industrial Revolution Food and Population Increases The Ties That Bind: New Networks Industrialization and Banking Changes on the Continent The Zollverein

Scientific Advances Darwin and Evolution Medicine, Chemistry, and Physics

Technological Growth and Advances Electricity Engines Laborsaving Devices

Economic Bases for Global Dominance New Structures The New World Economy Political Implications

Culture Reflections of the Age Romanticism Realism Beethoven and His Successors Impressionism in the Arts Sculpture and Architecture