What is Chemistry? The study of matter Changes in matter Experiments Types of matter Properties of matter Learning about atoms and molecules

Experimental Procedure General Pattern.. Title Problem: The question you are trying to answer answer Prediction: An educated guess Materials needed: detailed list of everything needed everything needed Procedure: An ordered list of how to do the lab Observations: recorded information from the lab (drawings, tables, charts) Conclusion: What happened in the lab. Making a Crystal Problem: how do you make a crystal in the lab? Prediction: Over saturating a solution and allow it to cool slowly Materials needed: 1. Borax flakes 2. HOT water 2. HOT water 3. Beaker/cup 3. Beaker/cup 4. Tablespoon 4. Tablespoon 5. Pipe cleaner 5. Pipe cleaner 6. Pencil 6. Pencil 7. String 7. String 8. Kettle 8. Kettle Procedure: 1. Get all materials out. 2. Boil 1 cup of water. 2. Boil 1 cup of water. 3. Transfer hot water into a beaker/cup. 3. Transfer hot water into a beaker/cup. 4. Add 2 heaping tablespoons of Borax to the hot water. 5. Stir the Borax in to dissolve. 6. Continue to add and stir in Borax until no more will dissolve. (This is the saturated solution.) 7. Attach a string tightly to the centre of the pencil. 8. On the other end of the string attach the pipe cleaner shaped into what ever you want your crystal to look like. 8. On the other end of the string attach the pipe cleaner shaped into what ever you want your crystal to look like. 9. Place the pencil across the top of the beaker so that the pipe cleaner is completely covered by the saturated solution. It should not touch the bottom. (Wrap the string around the pencil to adjust the height of the pipe cleaner if necessary.) 9. Place the pencil across the top of the beaker so that the pipe cleaner is completely covered by the saturated solution. It should not touch the bottom. (Wrap the string around the pencil to adjust the height of the pipe cleaner if necessary.) 10. Leave the solution for 24 hours so that the crystals can form on the pipe cleaner. Observation: Etc.

Science Equipment MagnetsFlasks and Cylinders Beakers Distillation equipment Flask and Petri dishes Microscope

Classifying Matter Types of Matter Solids Liquids Gases

Atoms and Molecules  Atoms are the smallest particles of matter  All things are made of atoms  Molecules are made of two or more atoms  Eg. Water, carbon dioxide, alcohol

Solids They are hard Their atoms are very closely packed They have a fixed shape Examples: rocks, wood, ice, paper, and plastic

Liquids They take the shape of the container they are in. They take the shape of the container they are in. They flow They flow The atoms aren’t as packed as in solids The atoms aren’t as packed as in solids Examples: water, alcohol, Examples: water, alcohol, vinegar, and pop vinegar, and pop

Gases Many are invisible Many are invisible The atoms are very spread out The atoms are very spread out They take the shape of the container they are in They take the shape of the container they are in Air is made of gases such as: nitrogen, CO 2, oxygen, and water vapor Air is made of gases such as: nitrogen, CO 2, oxygen, and water vapor

Mixtures Made of two or more different types of particles. It may be a solid, liquid or a gas. Examples: Gravel (solid), Kool-Aid (liquid), Air (gas) Mmmmmmm ice cream!

Solutions They are mixtures made of a solute(s) and a solvent. The parts are not visible Examples: sugar water, salt water, perfume, Kool-Aid, and tap water

Suspensions  Mixtures made of a solid and a liquid  If you leave it long enough the solid will settle out.  Examples: water and flour, any kind of medicine you have to shake, and a mud puddle Mud puddle suspension

Separating Mixtures Solid from solid All the techniques you could use are: All the techniques you could use are: Wind: when you use wind the heavier substance will fall and the lighter one will blow away. Water then skim: (Example=salt and pepper) The water will dissolve the salt and the pepper will float then you could skim off the pepper. Sieve: the littler substance will go though and the bigger one will stay on the sieve. Magnets: materials such as iron filings in sugar can be separated by putting the magnet into the mixture. Bringing the magnet back up will get some of the filings out.

Separating Mixtures Solid from Liquid The techniques you could use are: The techniques you could use are: Decanting: you first allow the solid to settle then you pour off the top layer of liquid. Example: sand and water. Filtering: filter paper will hold back the solid and will allow the liquid to go through the filter. Evaporation: The liquid will evaporate leaving the solid in the beaker.

Separating Mixtures Liquid from Liquid The techniques you could use are: The techniques you could use are: Distilling: the liquids will have different boiling points and if you heat the mixture one will boil off at a time. The vapors can be cooled and turned back into a liquid. Decanting: Use this technique if they are different densities (one floating on the other). Carefully pour off or use an eyedropper to remove the top layer.

Water Properties Boiling Point = 100 o C Boiling Point = 100 o C Freezing Point = 0 o C Freezing Point = 0 o C Ice is less dense than water (and will float) Ice is less dense than water (and will float) Water has high surface tension. This means the water molecules like to stick together and when that happens it makes it hard to break through the top layer. Some bugs are able to walk on water. Water has high surface tension. This means the water molecules like to stick together and when that happens it makes it hard to break through the top layer. Some bugs are able to walk on water.

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a gas Carbon dioxide will put out a fire You can make carbon dioxide by reacting vinegar and baking soda. We breathe out carbon dioxide Trees breathe in carbon dioxide

Reversible vs. Irreversible Changes  A reversible change is where you can change what you just did back to what was before.  An irreversible change is where you can’t change the material you just made back to what is was before.  Examples: crystals are a reversible change and baking soda and vinegar is an irreversible change.

Evidence for a Chemical Change The ways you can tell that a chemical change has happened are there has been: Color change Precipitate Bubbles formed Energy release

Acids, Neutrals and Bases On a “pH” scale an acid is “pH=0” a neutral is “pH=7” and a base is “pH=14” Examples of neutrals are water and milk Examples of acids are vinegar, coke and lemon juice Example of a base is soapy water.

Bibliography e008.jpgwww.cofc.edu/.../111LectWeek1_files/imag e008.jpg ments/graphics_representations.htmlhttp://cmm.cit.nih.gov/modeling/guide_docu ments/graphics_representations.html 88http:// /ohyea3.GIFhttp:// 2070/ohyea3.GIF