Seminar “ Will it flood like 2011?” A Dutch Example Bangkok, 13 th January 2012 Harrie Laboyrie January 2012

Contents  Introduction  Drainage and Inundation  The Dutch delta  Cooperation with other deltas in the world  Sustainable development in the delta; a process approach

Drainage and Inundation : main problems  From technical point of view insufficient operation and maintenance to the river and drainage system, lack of spatial planning, encroachment of the riverbanks, structures crossing rivers and drainage systems and land subsidence are the major causes of the floods while the lack of coordination between the different authorities, the absence of proper organization structure to execute O&M and limited funds for O&M are causes from non technical point of view;

Drainage and Inundation : main problems Water management problems in low lying areas are of special importance in urban areas, where the combination of a dense paved surface, a low infiltration rate and limited discharge capacity demands special measures to reduce flooding due to impeded drainage. Urban water management involves all aspects related to water in the city: storm water- and wastewater discharge, safety and risk assessment, water storage, water quality, spatial planning and ecology;

Drainage and Inundation : main problems New concepts for the integration of urban drainage infrastructure in the urban environment are frequently employed by our drainage and flood control engineers. Measures are ranging from flood diversion channels to ‘urban wadi-systems’ to promote infiltration and reduce drainage discharge. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) refers to a collection of methods used to reduce runoff from hard surfaces through storage and by enhancing groundwater recharge via infiltration.

Effects Core Problem Urban Drainage Causes Asset lossLoss of lifeDisease Economic disruption More frequent, more extensive and deeper floods in Bangkok NaturalMan Made Rainfall Topography Climate Change Higher peak flows Tidal cycle Sea level rise Insufficient environmental awareness Encroachment of river corridors Indiscriminate Solid waste dumping Land subsidence (ground water abstraction) Over-population Inadequate cooperation institutions Insufficient capacity (finance, HRM, institutions) Rapid urbanization Decreased storage capacity up&down stream Back log of maintenance Inadequate operation Inadequate/insufficient measures Loss of retention basins, open space and green areas Reduced river and drainage conveyance capacity Illegal settlement near rivers & Canals Loss of investor Confidence

The Netherlands The Hague Wageningen Nijmegen Rotterdam Neeltje Jans

The Dutch delta  2/3 of The Netherlands below sea level  Long history in building dikes and polders to protect the people and industry / agriculture from floods coming from sea and rivers  Last large flood: 1 February 1953  Delta Works: Hard coastal defenses and river dike improvements

The Dutch delta The Delta Works  Shortening the total length of the dikes by 700 kilometres  Improved agricultural freshwater supply  Improved water balance and manipulation of the Delta area. Improved infrastructure and mobility in Zeeland  Support inland waterways shipping.  New developments in the areas of nature and recreation

 Integrated design  Safety: Protect the land against the sea  Infrastructure: road connection  Environmental: Unique ecosystem with a wide variety of wildlife (original plan was a closed dike)  Economic: Structure decreases the length of dike improvements inland (saving in costs and O&M) The Dutch delta Eastern Scheldt Barrier (1) Eastern Scheldt Barrier

The Dutch delta Eastern Scheldt Barrier (2)

The Dutch delta  High intensity waterway traffic (Port of Rotterdam)  Large urban area with high economic value  High discharges from the river  Dike improvement in old city centers of Rotterdam and Dordrecht difficult  Solution: movable barrier downstream of Rotterdam to protect the city Maeslant Barrier (1) Maasvlakte I

The Dutch delta Maeslant Barrier (2)

The Dutch delta Watervision (2007) Deltacommittee (2008) National Waterplan  History & Future

P1P2P3 P P5 Example: Past Approach

Way of working with Grand design Instead of: Work with grand design or long term vision, secondly back casting to present and subsequently work with regular plans

The Dutch delta “Watervision 2007”  Climate change -> adaptation  Long term vision up to 2100  Sustainable solutions: People-Planet-Profit  In the future: - Higher sealevel - More water from the rivers - In the summer more often droughts Advice from “Delta Committee” (Veerman) Results in Dutch Water Plan

The Dutch delta Long term vision  “A living land builds for it’s future”  2/3 flood-prone, 9 million inhabitants, 65% GNP, 1800 billion invested value

The Dutch delta Safety against flooding  Increase safety levels for all inhabitants  Spatial planning for risk area’s  Evacuation plans  New concepts of strong or even “unbreakable” levees  Continue “Room for Rivers”  Enforce coastal zone using sand (“building with nature”)

The Dutch delta Fresh water supplies  Netherlands has plenty fresh water, but …. in the near future more droughts en more saltwater penetration from the sea  Fresh water essential for agriculture, industry, drinking water, etcetera  Investigate what to do - Optimize water usage on local level - IJsselmeer - Protect groundwater supplies

The Dutch delta Vision -> Coastal zone

The Dutch delta Vision -> Rivers

The Dutch delta Vision -> IJsselmeer

Cooperation with other deltas in the world  Permanent cooperation with deltas in the world  Exchanging knowledge and experience  Focus on climate change and Millennium  Development Goals  Technical + governance  Government, science, NGO’s & private sector together!

Delta Dialogue sustainable development Process model for a sustainable delta development process  Three individual but inseparably linked pillars: - Result; - Support; - Innovation.  The Pillars are related to: - the content of a process; - the actors who are involved in the process; - the wider context in which the process is taking place and has an effect.  All three pillars are equally important.  Managing on the basis of only one or two pillars increases the risk of an ineffective process.

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