Reproduction Schmit

REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS Asexual reproduction: - Plants being remade without sex cells (egg or sperm/pollen) - Plants being remade without sex cells (egg or sperm/pollen)

Examples of asexual reproduction: A. tip and stem layering – stem comes in contact with ground and develops roots. (Ex. Raspberry bushes)

B. cuttings – stem/leaves placed in water; start to develop roots

C. Grafting – take a twig from one plant and attach to stem of another

D. budding – attach the end  bud from one plant and  attach it to another

E. runners – stems that extend along ground and then “plant themselves” in the ground (ex. Strawberries)

F. bulb and corm duplication – onions, daffodils, tulips. Flower is at center.

G. Rhizome – horizontal stem growing below ground (ex. Grass)

H. Tuber – “eyes” are modified rhizomes that will develop into plants (ex. Potato)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS Types: Gymnosperms – cone producing Angiosperms – flower producing Monocot Dicot One cotyledontwo cotyledons Fibrous roottap root Parallel veinsbranched veins Petals in 3’spetals in 4’s or 5’s

a. Flower parts i. Sepal (all = calyx) Green – leaf like. Protect flower prior to opening i. Sepal (all = calyx) Green – leaf like. Protect flower prior to opening ii. Petals (all = corolla) Protect reproductive parts. Attract pollinators ii. Petals (all = corolla) Protect reproductive parts. Attract pollinators

iii. Stamen (♂ male parts) 1. pollen contains sperm 2. anther produces pollen 3. filament holds anther up to aid in pollination

Pollen

iv. Pistil (♀ female parts) 1. stigma pollen sticks to it. 2. style supports stigma aids pollination 3. ovary creates eggs, becomes fruit 4. Ovules – turn into seeds if fertilized 5. Receptacle Point where flower joins stem

Variations existing in flowers i. Perfect Both male and female parts i. Perfect Both male and female parts ii. Imperfect Male or Female parts ii. Imperfect Male or Female parts

Mini Quiz pistil 7

c. Pollination a. Pollination – pollen is transferred from an anther to a stigma i. Self-pollination uses own pollen i. Self-pollination uses own pollen ii. Cross-pollination pollen from a different plant ii. Cross-pollination pollen from a different plant

Self Pollination Cross Pollination

d. Fertilization = union of egg and sperm i. Pollen lands on stigma i. Pollen lands on stigma ii. pollen tube grows into an ovule ii. pollen tube grows into an ovule iii. sperm is delivered to an egg iii. sperm is delivered to an egg Pollination Fertilization

Pollinators 1. Insects 2. Rain 2. Rain 3. Wind 3. Wind

e. Flower  Fruit i. ovary ripens into a fruit ii. fruits are filled with seeds

MINI QUIZ: Label this flower diagram from memory

Seeds  An embryo plant provided with a food supply and a protective coat

Function of Seed Parts testa - protective covering testa - protective covering cotyledon – stores food cotyledon – stores food radicle – tip of embryonic root radicle – tip of embryonic root epicotyl – embryonic stem/leaves epicotyl – embryonic stem/leaves hypocotyl – embryonic root hypocotyl – embryonic root Hilum – belly button, where egg attached to mom Micropyle – pore where pollen tube connected to egg for sperm entry

Germination - The development of a seed into a plant - The development of a seed into a plant Germination requirements a. water b. oxygen c. temperature

Various Methods of Seed Dispersal i. Wind, ex. Maple seeds ii. Animal (sticky), ex. burrs iii. Mechanical, pop out, beans iv. Water, coconut v. Birds, ex. Mulberry Some seeds must pass through a bird or will not germinate

What processes must occur?  1. osmosis  2. fertilization  3. germination  4. photosynthesis  5. respiration  6. transpiration  7. growth  8. pollination  9. mitosis  10. meiosis

IV. Life Spans of plants a. Annual – only one year i. Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc. i. Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc. b. Biennial – two years, first grow a deep roots, then grow a big top i. Ex. Beet, carrot i. Ex. Beet, carrot