Chapter 4 Selected Factors Affecting Motor Development © Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development. McGraw-Hill

Key Concept Both the Processes and Products of Motor Development Are Influenced by a Wide Variety of Factors Operating in Isolation and in Conjunction With One Another.

Factors Within the Individual Cephalocaudal & proximodistal (head to tail, center to periphery) Growth rate (self-regulatory fluctuation & developmental plasticity) Reciprocal interweaving (differentiation & integration)

Factors Within the Individual (cont.) Learning readiness (developmental convergence) Critical vs. Sensitive periods (narrow vs. broad time frames) Individual differences (the mythical “average”) Phylogeny & ontogeny (“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” ?)

Factors Within the Environment Infant bonding (Imprinting vs. Sensitive periods vs. Long term outcomes) Infant stimulation (Structured activity programs vs. Normal play environments)

Factors Within the Environment (cont.) Infant deprivation (Maturation vs. Experience) Low-birth weight (1500-2500gms. 3.35-5.56lbs. = -2SD < X for gestational age) - Neonatal mortality risk (figure 4.1) - Young-for-date (Pre-term infants)

Factors Within the Environment (cont.) Overweight (BMI >25 = 20% of USA children & 55% adults) Obesity (BMI >30 = 11.6% of USA children & 55% adults, 300,000 deaths each year, second leading cause of unnecessary death) BMI chart (table 4.1)

Factors Within the Environment (cont.) Genetics & obesity (70% chance of being obese adult if not slimmed down by age 14) Ethnicity and obesity (Blacks, Hispanics, Whites)

Overweight/Obesity (Table 4.2) Known Risk Factors: -Type II Diabetes -Heart Disease -Stroke -Hypertension -Rheumatoid Arthritis -Osteoarthritis -Sleep Apnea -Some Forms of Cancer -Gallbladder Disease -Heat Disorders Associated With: -Elevated Cholesterol -Pregnancy Complications -Menstrual Irregularities -Excessive Body/Facial Hair -Carpel Tunnel Syndrome -Daytime Sleepiness -Gout -Impaired Immune Response -Impaired Respiratory Function

Factors Within the Environment (cont.) Binge eating without purging (“triggers” = depression & negative emotions) Bulimia (binge-purge process) Anorexia (self-starving process) Bulimia & anorexia (90% female, 3-4% of population)

Early Warning Signs of Eating Disorders (Table 4.3) Binge Eating: Anorexia: Bulimia: Binging without purging Obsession with dieting Binging with purging Irregular weight loss Steady weight loss Frequently obese Increased & intensive physical activity Long bathroom breaks after meals Obsessed with food Too concerned with weight Loss of tooth enamel

Warning Signs of Eating Disorders (cont.) Binge Eating: Anorexia: Bulimia: Disgusted with self after binging episode Denial of hunger Exaggerated fear of gaining weight Frequent history of depression Social isolation Impulsivity Frequent among those on medically supervised weight loss program Obsessed with dieting & talk of food Throat, esophagus, stomach, or colon problems

Physical Factors Within the Task Physical Activity Physical Fitness Health-related components (genetic basis & nutritional status) Performance related components (generality of motor ability vs. specificity of motor abilities)

Mechanical Factors Within the Task (Figures 4.2-4.4) Balance (center of gravity vs. line of gravity vs. base of support) Giving Force (Newton’s Laws of inertia, acceleration, action & reaction) Receiving Force (distance vs. surface area)

Concluding Concept Motor Development Is a Complex Process Influenced by numerous Factors Within the Biology of the Individual, the Conditions of the Learning Environment and the Requirements of the Movement Task, That Result in Many and Varied Products