Including Evidence In Your Writing Including Evidence In Your Writing

W1—Support claims with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text W2—Develop the topic with relevant, well- chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples W8—Quote or paraphrase the data or conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation W1—Support claims with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text W2—Develop the topic with relevant, well- chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples W8—Quote or paraphrase the data or conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation

Why do we need evidence in writing? What is a citation? Why use a citation? It avoids plagiarism! Types of citations and when to include Always ICE evidence Introducing citations Citing evidence Explaining evidence you cited Why do we need evidence in writing? What is a citation? Why use a citation? It avoids plagiarism! Types of citations and when to include Always ICE evidence Introducing citations Citing evidence Explaining evidence you cited

+commercial+with+evidence&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs commercial+with+evidence&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002 Evidence proves the main point in your writing. Evidence never speaks for itself; therefore, you have to include evidence and then also communicate the link between it and your main point. +commercial+with+evidence&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs commercial+with+evidence&ei=UTF- 8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002 Evidence proves the main point in your writing. Evidence never speaks for itself; therefore, you have to include evidence and then also communicate the link between it and your main point.

A citation is the way you tell your audience that certain material in your work came from another source.

We cite evidence to avoid plagiarism. Why do we need to avoid plagiarism? It is a serious offense! – Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s writing, ideas, images, music or media and passing it off as your own. – It doesn’t matter if you committed plagiarism intentionally or unintentionally—you are still held responsible!! – Plagiarism is so serious that it can get you a zero on a paper, or when you get older, kicked out of college, fired from a job or even prosecuted under the law. We cite evidence to avoid plagiarism. Why do we need to avoid plagiarism? It is a serious offense! – Plagiarism is stealing someone else’s writing, ideas, images, music or media and passing it off as your own. – It doesn’t matter if you committed plagiarism intentionally or unintentionally—you are still held responsible!! – Plagiarism is so serious that it can get you a zero on a paper, or when you get older, kicked out of college, fired from a job or even prosecuted under the law.

Shia LaBeouf—Plagiarized a graphic novel when he released a short film without giving credit to the author of the novel. Then, when he tried to apologize, he plagiarized the famous apologies of several well- known celebrities, including Tiger Woods. Legal action against him is pending. (“Top Plagiarism Scandals of 2013,” iThenticate.com) Michael Bolton was ordered to pay $5.4 million dollars to The Isley Brothers for plagiarizing the song, “Love Is a Wonderful Thing.” He said it was unintentional, but the court stated he was still liable. [Three Boys Music v. Michael Bolton, 212 F.3d 477 (9 th Cir. 2000)] Shia LaBeouf—Plagiarized a graphic novel when he released a short film without giving credit to the author of the novel. Then, when he tried to apologize, he plagiarized the famous apologies of several well- known celebrities, including Tiger Woods. Legal action against him is pending. (“Top Plagiarism Scandals of 2013,” iThenticate.com) Michael Bolton was ordered to pay $5.4 million dollars to The Isley Brothers for plagiarizing the song, “Love Is a Wonderful Thing.” He said it was unintentional, but the court stated he was still liable. [Three Boys Music v. Michael Bolton, 212 F.3d 477 (9 th Cir. 2000)]

Properly including citations in your writing helps support your ideas and improve the quality of your writing. – You gain credibility as a trusted source – You provide sufficient and relevant evidence to support and explain your ideas and claims – You protect yourself from plagiarism accusations – You demonstrate the ability to include outside sources Properly including citations in your writing helps support your ideas and improve the quality of your writing. – You gain credibility as a trusted source – You provide sufficient and relevant evidence to support and explain your ideas and claims – You protect yourself from plagiarism accusations – You demonstrate the ability to include outside sources

You can cite evidence in your writing in three ways: – Quotes – Paraphrases – Summaries You can cite evidence in your writing in three ways: – Quotes – Paraphrases – Summaries

A paraphrase is restating a specific, shorter section of the text, e.g., a phrase, section, or paragraph, in your own words. – This is not simply rearranging the words from the original text. – When you paraphrase, try to reword the original section of the text as if you were describing it to someone who had never read it before. A paraphrase is restating a specific, shorter section of the text, e.g., a phrase, section, or paragraph, in your own words. – This is not simply rearranging the words from the original text. – When you paraphrase, try to reword the original section of the text as if you were describing it to someone who had never read it before.

A summary is an overview of the “gist” of the text, or at least of a large portion of the text – Ways to use a summary: As general background information As general information about a particular point As the main part of an argument or counterargument A summary is an overview of the “gist” of the text, or at least of a large portion of the text – Ways to use a summary: As general background information As general information about a particular point As the main part of an argument or counterargument

Include evidence when… You are providing examples and evidence Do not include evidence when… You are writing your thesis statement (your RA statement) You are writing your topic sentences

To demonstrate how to introduce a quote, we will use an excerpt from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. King, Jr., Martin Luther. “I Have a Dream…” To demonstrate how to introduce a quote, we will use an excerpt from Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. King, Jr., Martin Luther. “I Have a Dream…”

I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

1. Introduce your quote with a complete sentence If you introduce your quote with a complete sentence that describes the quotation or provides information about it, you must punctuate it with a colon before inserting the quote. 1. Introduce your quote with a complete sentence If you introduce your quote with a complete sentence that describes the quotation or provides information about it, you must punctuate it with a colon before inserting the quote.

EXAMPLE In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had a dream: “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5). EXAMPLE In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had a dream: “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5).

2. Introduce your quote with an introductory or explanatory phrase Begin your sentence with a phrase that explains or introduces the quote, and then punctuate with a comma before including the quote. 2. Introduce your quote with an introductory or explanatory phrase Begin your sentence with a phrase that explains or introduces the quote, and then punctuate with a comma before including the quote.

EXAMPLE In his famous I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said, “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5). EXAMPLE In his famous I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said, “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5).

3. Include only short quotes in your sentence When including short quotations in your own writing, you should stick to just two to four word phrases. Place quotation marks around the author’s original words and punctuate the sentence as you normally would. 3. Include only short quotes in your sentence When including short quotations in your own writing, you should stick to just two to four word phrases. Place quotation marks around the author’s original words and punctuate the sentence as you normally would.

EXAMPLE Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a day when his children would only be judged by the “content of their character” (5). EXAMPLE Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a day when his children would only be judged by the “content of their character” (5).

4. Introduce your quote by paraphrasing it Begin your sentence by paraphrasing the quote, and then finish the sentence with the quote. 4. Introduce your quote by paraphrasing it Begin your sentence by paraphrasing the quote, and then finish the sentence with the quote.

EXAMPLE Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a day when his four children would “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5). EXAMPLE Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. dreamed of a day when his four children would “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character” (5).

More Examples for Introducing Quotes  According to (include source here), “put quote here” (in-text citation).  For example, the traffic light “put quote here” (in- text citation). More Examples for Introducing Quotes  According to (include source here), “put quote here” (in-text citation).  For example, the traffic light “put quote here” (in- text citation).

A paraphrase can SOMETIMES stand alone. You can SOMETIMES begin a sentence with a paraphrase. You should ALWAYS explain your paraphrase. A paraphrase can SOMETIMES stand alone. You can SOMETIMES begin a sentence with a paraphrase. You should ALWAYS explain your paraphrase.

Exact Quote: – “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” Paraphrase: -- Martin Luther King, Jr. held a vision that one day his children would live in a unified nation free from racial bias (5). Exact Quote: – “I have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” Paraphrase: -- Martin Luther King, Jr. held a vision that one day his children would live in a unified nation free from racial bias (5).

You can introduce a paraphrase similarly to the way you introduce a quote: – with a complete sentence – with an explanatory or introductory phrase – with only a smaller portion of the text paraphrased You can introduce a paraphrase similarly to the way you introduce a quote: – with a complete sentence – with an explanatory or introductory phrase – with only a smaller portion of the text paraphrased

1.You can introduce a paraphrase with a complete sentence: In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., communicated a vision: a world would exist where his children would live in a unified nation free from racial bias (5). 1.You can introduce a paraphrase with a complete sentence: In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., communicated a vision: a world would exist where his children would live in a unified nation free from racial bias (5).

2. You can introduce a paraphrase with an explanatory or an introductory phrase : In his I Have a Dream Speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. contended that he believed it possible for a world to exist wherein his children would be free from racial bias (5). 2. You can introduce a paraphrase with an explanatory or an introductory phrase : In his I Have a Dream Speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. contended that he believed it possible for a world to exist wherein his children would be free from racial bias (5).

3. You can include a paraphrase by only paraphrasing a smaller portion of the text. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech wherein he preached against racial bias (5). 3. You can include a paraphrase by only paraphrasing a smaller portion of the text. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech wherein he preached against racial bias (5).

More Examples of Introducing Paraphrases: According to (include source here), (put paraphrased, researched information here) (in-text citation). For instance, (put paraphrased, researched information here) (in-text citation). More Examples of Introducing Paraphrases: According to (include source here), (put paraphrased, researched information here) (in-text citation). For instance, (put paraphrased, researched information here) (in-text citation).

A summary can SOMETIMES stand alone. A summary ALWAYS needs to be written in two or more complete sentences. A summary can SOMETIMES stand alone. A summary ALWAYS needs to be written in two or more complete sentences.

Exact paragraphs: “I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” Exact paragraphs: “I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

In his I Have a Dream speech, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. envisioned a nation wherein racial equality would replace injustice and intolerance. He dreamed this equality would allow people to respect each other as human beings, thus making the world a better place for future generations (5).

An in-text citation is a reference to the original author or speaker embedded in the text of the paper. In-text citations quickly alert the audience to the original source and make it easy for the audience to find the citation in the Works Cited Page at the end of your paper. (We will discuss Works Cited later.)

Follow this simple equation to cite your quote in MLA format. Introduce your quote “ quote ” (citation). Follow this simple equation to cite your quote in MLA format. Introduce your quote “ quote ” (citation). Always introduce your quote. Never start a sentence with a quote. (But remember--you can sometimes start a sentence with a paraphrase!) Open and close the quote with quotation marks. Set the citation apart with parentheses. The period goes after the citation

If you include the Author’s last name in the quote introduction, then you only need to include the page number in the in-text citation. – Example: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted his children judged based on the “content of their character” (5). If not, then you include the author’s last name AND the page number in the in-text citation. – Example: In I Have a Dream, a future is envisioned where children are judged based on the “content of their character” (King 5). If you include the Author’s last name in the quote introduction, then you only need to include the page number in the in-text citation. – Example: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted his children judged based on the “content of their character” (5). If not, then you include the author’s last name AND the page number in the in-text citation. – Example: In I Have a Dream, a future is envisioned where children are judged based on the “content of their character” (King 5).

After you introduce and cite the evidence, you still need to thoroughly explain the evidence. There are many ways to explain evidence: Provide analysis that connects the evidence to your RA statement/thesis statement or topic sentence Explain why it is relevant to the topic After you introduce and cite the evidence, you still need to thoroughly explain the evidence. There are many ways to explain evidence: Provide analysis that connects the evidence to your RA statement/thesis statement or topic sentence Explain why it is relevant to the topic

Evidence does NOT speak for itself. To explain evidence, you must write out the connections you were making in your mind when you chose your evidence. Questions to ask yourself about a particular piece of evidence: – Why is this important? Why does it matter? – What is the other side of the issue? – How does this idea relate to my topic? – What inferences can I make from this? – How or why did this topic come to be the way it is? Evidence does NOT speak for itself. To explain evidence, you must write out the connections you were making in your mind when you chose your evidence. Questions to ask yourself about a particular piece of evidence: – Why is this important? Why does it matter? – What is the other side of the issue? – How does this idea relate to my topic? – What inferences can I make from this? – How or why did this topic come to be the way it is?

Here are some sentence starters to help you explain your quote. This proves that… This illustrates… This shows that… This highlights the difference between… Here are some sentence starters to help you explain your quote. This proves that… This illustrates… This shows that… This highlights the difference between…

Entire Web site Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. Title of Web site. Name of sponsoring institution or organization [if given]. Last update or original publication date. Web. Date accessed. Entire Web site Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. Title of Web site. Name of sponsoring institution or organization [if given]. Last update or original publication date. Web. Date accessed.

Article from a Web site Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. “Title of Article.” Title of Web site. Date of last update or original publication date. Web. Date accessed. Article from a Web site Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. “Title of Article.” Title of Web site. Date of last update or original publication date. Web. Date accessed.

Online Database Article Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. “Article Title.” Database Title. Copyright date [edition]. Online Publisher or sponsoring institution. Web. Date accessed. Online Database Article Author’s or Editor’s last name, first name [if given]. “Article Title.” Database Title. Copyright date [edition]. Online Publisher or sponsoring institution. Web. Date accessed.

Encyclopedia Author’s last name, first name. [if available] “Article Title.” Title of Encyclopedia. Year Published. Print. Encyclopedia Author’s last name, first name. [if available] “Article Title.” Title of Encyclopedia. Year Published. Print.

Book with an Editor Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Date published. Print. Book with an Editor Editor’s last name, first name, ed. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Date published. Print.

Book with one Author Last name, first name. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Date published. Print. Book with one Author Last name, first name. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Date published. Print.

Columbia University Professor Jeffrey Johnson spent seventeen years recording the viewing habits of children in 707 families in Upstate New York and found that the ones “who watched one to three hours of television each day... were 60% more likely to be involved in assaults and fights as those who watched less TV” (“Research on the Effects of Media Violence”). Works Cited “Research on the Effects of Media Violence.” Media Awareness Network Web. 12 Mar In-text (parenthetical) Citation Works Cited Entry

The ideal context for identity formation is “a supportive and respectful family” (Levine 169). Works Cited Levine, Madeleine, Ph.D. See No Evil: A Guide to Protecting Our Children from Media Violence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Print. In-text Citation Works Cited Entry

Your introduction and the quote must be grammatically consistent. CORRECT EXAMPLE In his speech, Dr. King said, “it would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of this moment.” The introduction and the quote are grammatically consistent in this sentence. Your introduction and the quote must be grammatically consistent. CORRECT EXAMPLE In his speech, Dr. King said, “it would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of this moment.” The introduction and the quote are grammatically consistent in this sentence.

You can change a word in a quote to make it grammatically consistent with your introduction if you place [ ] around the new word. A quote must be less than four lines long. Otherwise you will need a block quote. The quote must support your thesis or topic sentence. Otherwise it isn’t relevant. You can change a word in a quote to make it grammatically consistent with your introduction if you place [ ] around the new word. A quote must be less than four lines long. Otherwise you will need a block quote. The quote must support your thesis or topic sentence. Otherwise it isn’t relevant.

(Topic Sentence) The invention of the traffic light by Garrett Morgan made automotive transportation safer. Before the traffic light’s invention, “it was not uncommon for bicycles, animal-powered carts and motor vehicles to share the same thoroughfares with pedestrians. Accidents frequently occurred between the vehicles” (Federal Highway Administration). After the invention and implementation of the traffic light, the number of collisions was reduced and thus created a safer environment for automobile travel. (Topic Sentence) The invention of the traffic light by Garrett Morgan made automotive transportation safer. Before the traffic light’s invention, “it was not uncommon for bicycles, animal-powered carts and motor vehicles to share the same thoroughfares with pedestrians. Accidents frequently occurred between the vehicles” (Federal Highway Administration). After the invention and implementation of the traffic light, the number of collisions was reduced and thus created a safer environment for automobile travel. introduction quote and citation explanation

A Works Cited Page is a separate page or set of pages at the end of a document containing an alphabetical listing of all of the sources used within the paper. Each citation included in the page is formatted according to MLA or APA standards. A Works Cited Page is a separate page or set of pages at the end of a document containing an alphabetical listing of all of the sources used within the paper. Each citation included in the page is formatted according to MLA or APA standards.