CHAPTER 1 Chemistry

What is Chemistry? Natural Sciences Chemistry - Study of composition, structure, and properties of substances and the changes they undergo Biological Sciences Concerned with living things Physical Sciences Non-living things CHEMISTRY!!

What is Chemistry? Chemistry Chemical Study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Chemical Any substance that has a specific composition Examples – sucrose, carbon dioxide, water

Branches of Chemistry Organic Inorganic Physical Biochemistry Study of substances containing carbon Inorganic Study of substances that do not contain carbon Physical Study of interrelationships between energy and matter Biochemistry Study of processes that occur in living things Analytical Identification of substances and determination of the composition Theoretical Uses math and computers to explain and make predictions

Types of Research Basic Research Applied Technological Development Increasing knowledge How? Why? Applied Solve a problem Technological Development Production and use of products that improve our quality of life

Basic Building Blocks of Matter Atom Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Smallest “piece” of matter Element A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom Weight Measure of the Earth’s gravitational pull for matter Use a scale Mass Measure of the amount of matter in a substance Use a balance

Basic Building Blocks of Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Inertia Resistance to change in motion Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions

Properties Extensive property Intensive property Depends on the amount of matter Volume, mass, shape, state Intensive property Does NOT depend on amount of matter Density, melting point, boiling point

Properties Physical property Physical change Can be observed or measured without altering identity of substance Color, weight Physical change Any change that does NOT change identity of substance Melting, cutting wire

Properties Change of state States of matter Physical change from one state to another States of matter Solid Definite volume, definite shape; closely packed Rotational motion of particles Liquid Definite volume, indefinite shape; Not as closely packed Rotational and Vibrational motion Gas Indefinite volume and shape; Widely spaced particles Rotational, Vibrational and Translational motion Plasma High temperature state in which atoms lose electrons http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/ubiquitous.html

Properties Chemical property Chemical change Ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its identity Chemical change A change in which new, different substance are formed (a change to its identity) Reactant Substances that undergo a change Product Substances that are formed Reactants  Products

Evidence of a chemical change Test products Only way to have proof! Gives of heat and/or light Chemiluminescence – gives off light Start video at 1:15 Exothermic Rxn – gives off heat Endothermic Rxn – takes in heat Production of a gas (bubbles) Formation of a precipitate Precipitate – a solid that separates from solution

Quiz http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html Demos Hot/Cold Packs Vinegar/Baking Soda “Beverage” simulation Chemiluminescence Stop Light Reaction Oscillating Color

Energy Ability to cause change or ability to do work Classification Examples – chemical, electrical, mechanical, sound, thermal, light, and more… Classification Kinetic Energy of motion Potential Stored energy

Energy Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be converted from one form to another; cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Mass (matter) and Energy Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed

Classification of Matter Two types of matter Mixture – blend of 2 or more kinds of matter; each keeps own properties; can be separated physically Heterogeneous – not uniform throughout Salt and pepper, pizza, granite Homogeneous – uniform in composition; solution Salt water Pure substance – same composition; cannot be separated by physical means (you lose all original properties when separating) Element – cannot be decomposed by ordinary change Au, Fe, Na Compound – can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler substances - chemically H2O, sugar

Classification of Matter (Text – Pg 15) =SAME THROUGHOUT

Matter Law of Definite Composition A chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportion by mass regardless of size

Elements They are the building blocks of matter They are organized on the Periodic Table Group/Family Vertical columns (1-18) Elements very similar to each other in a family Period Horizontal rows (1-7)

Elements Types of elements Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Left side of Periodic Table Good conductor or heat/electricity, luster, ductile, malleable Nonmetals Right side of table Poor conductor Noble Gases – group 18, non-reactive, very stable Metalloids Along step ladder Semiconductors – Si, Ge

Elements KNOW THE COMMON ELEMENT NAMES AND SYMBOLS!!! THESE WILL NOT GO AWAY. YOU ARE GOING TO NEED THEM ALL YEAR LONG!!!

GROUP/FAMILY NONMETALS METALLOIDS METALS PERIOD