The Periodic Table of Elements Slide 1

I am Dmitri Mendeleev! I made the PERIODIC TABLE ! Slide 2

What is the PERIODIC TABLE? oShows all known elements in the universe. oOrganizes the elements by chemical properties. Slide 3

Why is the Periodic Table important? The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements. Slide 4

Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry … …was a mess!!! …was a mess!!! No organization of elements. No organization of elements. Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! Imagine going to a grocery store with no organization!! Difficult to find information. Difficult to find information. Chemistry didn’t make sense. Chemistry didn’t make sense. Slide 5

Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table How does the Periodic Table work? How does the Periodic Table work? You shall try to figure it out on your own..!!!! You shall try to figure it out on your own..!!!! Look at the Periodic table and try to figure it out Look at the Periodic table and try to figure it outHINT: Look at all the information for each element Look at all the information for each element Do you see any pattern? Do you see any pattern? Slide 6

Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table How did his Periodic Table work? How did his Periodic Table work? He organized the table in two ways: He organized the table in two ways: 1. In horizontal rows called Periods 1. In horizontal rows called Periods 2. In vertical columns called Familes or Groups 2. In vertical columns called Familes or Groups Slide 7

The Current Periodic Table The Current Periodic Table Mendeleev wasn’t too far off. Mendeleev wasn’t too far off. The Periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The Periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The Groups or Families are labeled from 1 to 18. The Groups or Families are labeled from 1 to 18. Slide 8

From left to right across Period 3, there are: 3 metals (Na, Mg, and Al) 1 metalloid (Si) 4 nonmetals (P, S, Cl, and Ar) Variations Across a Period

Groups or Families Groups or Families PEIODS 1- 7 Slide 9

Groups… Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!! Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!! (Mendeleev did that on purpose.) Why?? They have the same number of valence electrons. They have the same number of valence electrons. They will form the same kinds of ions. They will form the same kinds of ions. Slide 10

Groups… Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!! What are Valance electrons? They are the outermost electrons around the nucleus They are the outermost electrons around the nucleus It is the sharing of Valance electrons between atoms that causes chemical reactions It is the sharing of Valance electrons between atoms that causes chemical reactions Slide 11

G roups… Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful What are Ions ? They are atoms that either lost or gained They are atoms that either lost or gained electrons or e- electrons or e- They become negatively or positively charged They become negatively or positively chargedRemember: Atoms are usually Neutral, no charge…..! Atoms are usually Neutral, no charge…..! Slide 12

Anions Atoms that gained electron(s) and now have a negative charge Atoms that gained electron(s) and now have a negative charge Why? Why? Because they have more electrons e- (negative charge), than Protons (+) Because they have more electrons e- (negative charge), than Protons (+) Slide 13

Cations Atoms that lost electron(s) and now have a positive charge Atoms that lost electron(s) and now have a positive charge Why? Why? Because they now have less electrons e- (negative charge), than Protons (+) Because they now have less electrons e- (negative charge), than Protons (+) Slide 14

Families on the Periodic Table Columns are grouped into Families or Groups Columns are grouped into Families or Groups Elements in each family have same number Elements in each family have same number of Valance electrons – outermost electrons of Valance electrons – outermost electrons The elements in Families share similar The elements in Families share similar properties or characteristics (just like your properties or characteristics (just like your family members resemble each other) family members resemble each other) There are 18 Families or Groups There are 18 Families or Groups Slide 15

Families are broken down based on their physical and chemical properties

Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles Slide 16

Alkali Metals - Group 1 1 st column on the periodic table not including hydrogen 1 st column on the periodic table not including hydrogen Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature ( NaCl which is salt) Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature ( NaCl which is salt) Soft enough to cut Soft enough to cut with a butter knife with a butter knife Slide 17

Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 Second column on the periodic table. Second column on the periodic table. Reactive metals that are always Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature. combined with nonmetals in nature. Several of these elements are important Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca found in milk, cheese, Broccoli) found in milk, cheese, Broccoli) Slide 18

Transition Metals groups Elements in groups 3-12 Elements in groups 3-12 Less reactive harder metals Less reactive harder metals Includes metals used in jewelry Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. and construction. Metals used “as metal.” Metals used “as metal.” Slide 19

Boron Family – Group 13 Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.” Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.” Gallium is used to make mirrors Gallium is used to make mirrors Slide 20

Carbon Family Group 14 Contains elements important to life and computers. Contains elements important to life and computers. Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry. Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry. Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors. Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors. Diamonds are beautiful Diamonds are beautiful Slide 21

Nitrogen Family Group 15 Nitrogen makes up over Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere. ¾ of the atmosphere. Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus. Slide 22

Oxygen Family Group 16 Oxygen is necessary for respiration We breathe in Oxygen Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks, etc.) Slide 23

Halogens Group 17 Very reactive, volatile, nonmetals Always found combined with other element in nature Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth. Iodine is important nutrient for healthy thyroid and growth Slide 24

The Noble Gases Slide 25

The Noble Gases Group 18 VERY unreactive gases Used in lighted “neon” signs Have a full valence shell Exist in small amounts Helium fills your B-Day balloon Slide 26

Slide 27

T h e P er io di c L a w Slide 28

Properties of Metals Good conductors of heat and electricity Shiny Shiny Are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires) Are ductile (can be stretched into thin wires) Are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets) Are malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets) A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water which results in corrosion. A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water which results in corrosion. Slide 29

Properties of Non-Metals Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals are not ductile or malleable. Non-metals are not ductile or malleable. Solid non-metals are brittle and break easily. Solid non-metals are brittle and break easily. They are dull They are dull Many non-metals are gases. Many non-metals are gases. Sulfur Slide 30

Properties of Metalloids Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and non-metals Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and non-metals They are solids that can be shiny or dull They are solids that can be shiny or dull They conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals They conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals They are ductile and malleable They are ductile and malleable Silicon Silicon Slide 31