Introduction to Psychology CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Introduction to Psychology CHAPTER 1 Topics What Is Psychology? Contemporary Perspectives and Areas of Specialization Research methods in psychology PSYCH

Psychology Defined https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwhU6pciTt4 CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Psychology Defined https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwhU6pciTt4 Psychology – The study of behavior and mental processes Psychiatry – A branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of mental illnesses Psychologist: PhD Psychiatrist: MD PSYCH

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What are the goals of Psychology? CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 What are the goals of Psychology? Description of Behaviors Understanding Prediction Control PSYCH

Early Pioneers and Schools of Thought CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Early Pioneers and Schools of Thought School of Thought Pioneer Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism William James Gestalt psychology Max Wertheimer PSYCH

Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) Structuralism was an early approach to psychology that tried to identify the basic parts, or structure, of the conscious mind. PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Structuralism Edward Titchener – brought Wundt’s ideas to the United States, came up with the term, “structuralism” Structuralists uncovered the parts of the mind through introspection. Introspection was a research method where subjects free associated about whatever was on their mind. PSYCH

Functionalism William James (1842–1910) CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Functionalism William James (1842–1910) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWv3tQUY-9k Functionalism was an early approach to psychology that tried to discover how the conscious mind functions to help humans survive in their environments. PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Functionalism James argued that consciousness cannot be broken down into parts (structuralism) Known for “stream of consciousness” James is credited with writing the first psychology textbook PSYCH

Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Gestalt Psychology Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) Gestalt psychology was an early approach to psychology that studied how the mind actively organizes stimuli into meaningful wholes. PSYCH

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CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Behaviorism An approach to psychology developed in the early 20th century Behaviorism concerned itself only with observable behavior Notable behaviorists Ivan Pavlov John Watson BF Skinner PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Ivan Pavlov Pavlov was a Russian physiologist studying the salivation and digestion of dogs He learned that dogs would drool at the sound of a bell after it had been paired repeatedly with food Classical conditioning PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 John Watson American psychologist who based his experiments on Pavlov’s findings Johns Hopkins Believed all behavior was a response to a stimulus in the environment Known for Little Albert experiment PSYCH

BF Skinner Most influential behaviorist Harvard psychologist CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 BF Skinner Most influential behaviorist Harvard psychologist All human behavior is a result of learning Known for reinforcement, punishment, and schedules of reinforcement PSYCH

Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud (late 19th, early 20th c.) CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud (late 19th, early 20th c.) Austrian neurologist who noticed that many illnesses were psychological Wrote Interpretation of Dreams (1900) Used psychoanalysis to treat patients PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Psychodynamic Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Human behavior primarily determined by unconscious processes Theory not based on experimental evidence; Influential on American psychology PSYCH

Women and Culturally Diverse Pioneers CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Women and Culturally Diverse Pioneers Mary Whiton Calkins – 1st woman APA president (1905) Margaret Washburn – 1st woman to receive a PhD (1894) Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark – provided scientific proof to Supreme Court to help end segregation PSYCH

Clark and Clark’s Experiment CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Clark and Clark’s Experiment Children aged 3 to 7 were presented two dolls, one with light colored skin and the other with dark colored skin. Four requests Give me the doll that you want to play with Give me the doll that is a nice doll Give me the doll that looks bad Give me the doll that is a nice color PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 “What was surprising was the degree to which the children suffered from selfrejection.. . . I don’t think we had quite realized the extent of the cruelty of racism and how hard it hit. . . . Some of these children, particularly in the North, were reduced to crying when presented with the dolls and asked to identify with them. They looked at me as if I were the devil for putting them in this predicament. Let me tell you, it was a traumatic experience for me as well.” (Kluger, 1976, p. 400) PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M&index=1&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6 PSYCH

LESSON 1.2 Contemporary Perspectives and Areas of Specialization CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 LESSON 1.2 Contemporary Perspectives and Areas of Specialization OBJECTIVES Identify and describe the current perspectives in psychology. Identify and describe the areas of specialization in psychology. PSYCH

Contemporary Perspectives CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Contemporary Perspectives Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanistic psychology Cognitive psychology Biological psychology Evolutionary/Sociocultural psychology PSYCH

Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Psychoanalysis is an approach to psychology that studies how human behavior is determined by hidden or unconscious motives and desires. Other names: Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson PSYCH

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Behaviorism John Watson (1878–1958) CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Behaviorism John Watson (1878–1958) Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes. BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov PSYCH

Humanistic Psychology CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Humanistic Psychology Carl Rogers (1902–1987) Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) Humanistic psychology is an approach to psychology that emphasizes people’s inborn desire for personal growth and their ability to consciously make choices. Positive psychology is a relatively new approach to psychology that studies how people find mental health and happiness in their everyday living. PSYCH

Cognitive Psychology George A. Miller Ulric Neisser CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Cognitive Psychology George A. Miller Ulric Neisser Cognitive psychology is an approach to psychology that studies how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences. PSYCH

CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Psychobiology Psychobiology is an approach to psychology that studies how the brain and other areas of our biology influence behavior. PSYCH

Sociocultural Psychology Sociocultural psychology is an approach to psychology that studies how social surroundings and culture shape thinking and behavior. Individualism is a philosophy of life stressing that the individual is more important than the group. Collectivism is a philosophy of life stressing that group is more important than the individual.

Table 1-1 Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist Cultures CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Table 1-1 Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist Cultures Collectivist Cultures Individualist Cultures Identity is given by one’s group. Identity is achieved by one’s own striving. Individuals are socialized to be emotionally dependent on their social group, and conformity is valued. Individuals are socialized to be emotionally independent of their social group, and independence is valued. Personal and group goals are generally consistent; when inconsistent, group goals have priority. Personal and group goals are often inconsistent; when inconsistent, personal goals have priority. Trust is placed in group decisions. Trust is placed in individual decisions. PSYCH

Area of Specialization in Psychology CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Area of Specialization in Psychology Research specialties 1. Biopsychology 2. Developmental psychology 3. Experimental psychology 4. Cognitive psychology 5. Personality psychology 6. Social psychology Applied specialties 1. Clinical psychology 2. Counseling psychology 3. Industrial–organizational psychology 4. Educational and school psychology PSYCH

Figure 1-2 Doctoral Awarded in Psychology CHAPTER 1 4/22/2017 Figure 1-2 Doctoral Awarded in Psychology PSYCH

Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 1. Who was the world’s first psychologist? a. Wolfgang Köhler b. George Sanchez c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt

Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 2. Women and people of culturally diverse heritages were readily accepted in the field of psychology in its early days. a. True b. False

Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 3. Which is an approach to psychology that studies observable behavior rather than hidden mental processes? a. psychoanalysis b. humanistic psychology c. behaviorism d. cognitive psychology

Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 4/22/2017 Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 4. Which attempts to understand behavior by studying how the mind organizes and makes sense of information and experiences? a. psychoanalysis b. positive psychology c. cognitive psychology d. sociocultural psychology PSYCH

Chapter 1 Clicker Questions 5. Behaviorism is closely associated with Sigmund Freud. a. True b. False