Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods Introduction: The Origins of Psychology Contemporary Psychology The Scientific Method Descriptive Research Methods Experimental Research Methods and Research Ethics

Introduction: The Origins of Psychology

Contemporary Psychology

The Scientific Method

Descriptive Research Methods

Experimental Research Methods and Research Ethics

1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Bessy Truman B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Willa James D) Mary Whiton Calkins A) Bessy Truman B) Margaret Floy Washburn C) Willa James D) Mary Whiton Calkins

2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to ________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to ________. A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis

3. The formal beginning of psychology as an experimental discipline took place in a laboratory in __________ in A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany

4. The science of psychology emerged from the influences of which two disciplines? A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics

5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of __________ experiences on individuals’ behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of __________ experiences. A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic

6. The __________ perspective draws from and expands the original ideas of Sigmund Freud. A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes people to conform to the behaviors of their friends. He is most likely a __________ psychologist. A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary

8. Memory— language developmental problem-solving— and memory are all topics that are of interest to a ______________ psychologist. A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary

9. Which of the following is the most popular specialty area of psychology among professionals? A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology

10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that people tend to use their own culture as the “standard” against which other cultures are judged. This tendency is called: A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism

11. A(n) __________ is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory

12. Which of the following is one effective way of reporting the results of a research study to the scientific community? A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results

13. Statistics are used for all but which of the following purposes? A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected

14. When a research study has been found statistically significant, which of the following statements is true? A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a critical thinker? A) being flexible, yet maintaining skepticism B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses A) being flexible, yet maintaining skepticism B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses

16. If you wanted to study the flirting behavior of college students at a dance, you would be most likely to use: A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study

17. Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64 A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64

18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers. Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?” Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example of: A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence

19. While standing in an apartment building waiting for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her lesson in correlational studies. Which of the following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine understood the lesson thoroughly? A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation

20. Which method is used to ensure that every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being included in a sample? A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs

21. Professor Stuart is studying the relationship between room temperature and examination score. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable in this study? A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart

22. Which of the following statements regarding the ethics of conducting research is false? A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded

23. When an experiment employs a(n) __________ technique, it means that both the participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are assigned to the various treatment conditions. A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation

24. Dr. Lowe has informed his students that they may earn extra credit points in his class for agreeing to be research participants. What must the professor do in order to make this an “ethical” offer? A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research

25. Also called a confounding variable— a(n) __________ variable might produce inaccurate results by affecting the outcome of an experiment. A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand

Stop here, or continue as a review.

1. The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology was: A) Bessy Truman. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Willa James. D) Mary Whiton Calkins. A) Bessy Truman. B) Margaret Floy Washburn. C) Willa James. D) Mary Whiton Calkins.

2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner are to ________ as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to ________. A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis A) behaviorism; humanistic psychology B) psychoanalysis; functionalism C) structuralism; behaviorism D) humanistic psychology; psychoanalysis

3. The formal beginning of psychology as an experimental discipline took place in a laboratory in __________ in A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany A) France B) Italy C) The United States D) Germany

4. The science of psychology emerged from the influences of which two disciplines? A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics A) Biology and Astronomy B) Philosophy and Physiology C) Physics and Sociology D) Neurology and Pediatrics

5. While Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of __________ experiences on individuals’ behaviors, Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of __________ experiences. A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic A) internal; external B) positive; negative C) unconscious; conscious D) unrealistic; realistic

6. The __________ perspective draws from and expands the original ideas of Sigmund Freud. A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic A) biological B) positive psychology C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

7. Dr. Asch wants to know what causes people to conform to the behaviors of their friends. He is most likely a __________ psychologist. A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary A) social B) developmental C) humanistic D) evolutionary

8. Memory, language developmental, problem-solving, and memory are all topics that are of interest to a ______________ psychologist. A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary A) biological B) humanistic C) cognitive D) evolutionary

9. Which of the following is the most popular specialty area of psychology among professionals? A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology A) Counseling psychology B) Clinical psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Developmental psychology

10. Cross-cultural psychologists have found that people tend to use their own culture as the “standard” against which other cultures are judged. This tendency is called: A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism A) ethnocentrism B) prejudice C) collectivism D) anthropomorphism

11. A(n) __________ is a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory A) operational definition B) hypothesis C) statistic D) theory

12. Which of the following is one effective way of reporting the results of a research study to the scientific community? A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results A) informing local newspapers of results B) presenting results at a professional conference C) posting results on a social networking internet site D) telling co-workers about the results

13. Statistics are used for all but which of the following purposes? A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected A) to analyze data that have been collected B) to summarize data that have been collected C) to draw conclusions about data that have been collected D) to form hypotheses about data that have been collected

14. When a research study has been found statistically significant, which of the following statements is true? A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time A) It may or may not be practically significant B) It must be practically significant C) It cannot be practically significant D) It is practically significant 50% of the time

15. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a critical thinker? A) the ability to assume other perspectives B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses A) the ability to assume other perspectives B) the ability to scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusions C) awareness of one’s own biases and assumptions D) the ability to make any data support one’s own hypotheses

16. If you wanted to study the flirting behavior of college students at a dance, you would be most likely to use: A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study A) a pseudoscience B) a survey C) naturalistic observation D) a case study

17. Which of the following correlational coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64 A) -.87 B) +.02 C) -.38 D) +.64

18. Jonathan believes that women are bad drivers. Whenever he passes a woman receiving a traffic citation, he says “You see? What did I tell you?” Jonathan never pays any attention to the many women who do not receive traffic citations. This is an example of: A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence. A) the confirmation bias B) shifting the burden of proof C) a nonfalsifiable claim D) a testimonial rather than scientific evidence.

19. While standing in an apartment building waiting for an elevator to arrive, Jazmine is remembering her lesson in correlational studies. Which of the following thoughts would indicate that Jazmine understood the lesson thoroughly? A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation A) When both elevators go up, it is like a negative correlation B) When both elevators go down, it is like a negative correlation C) When one elevator stops and the other moves, it is like a negative correlation D) When the elevators move in opposite directions, it is like a negative correlation

20. Which method is used to ensure that every member of a larger group has an equal chance of being included in a sample? A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs A) naturalistic observation B) random selection C) representative sampling D) multiple outs

21. Professor Stuart is studying the relationship between room temperature and examination score. Which of the following is most likely the dependent variable in this study? A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart A) room temperature B) examination score C) the students being observed D) the teaching method used by Professor Stuart

22. Which of the following statements regarding the ethics of conducting research is false? A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded A) The American Psychological Association does not condone the use of animals as research subjects B) Research participants may withdraw their participation at any time C) Researchers are permitted to deceive their participants if the deception is justified D) Research participants must be debriefed after their participation in the research is concluded

23. When an experiment employs a(n) __________ technique, it means that both the participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are assigned to the various treatment conditions. A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation A) placebo B) extraneous restriction C) double-blind D) R/P isolation

24. Dr. Lowe has informed his students that they may earn extra credit points in his class for agreeing to be research participants. What must the professor do in order to make this an “ethical” offer? A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research A) He must make sure that there are an equal number of males and female students who participate in the study B) He must give each student credit in the reporting of his findings C) He must also pay each student for their participation D) He must offer an alternate opportunity to earn the extra credit points that is not related to his research

25. Also called a confounding variable, a(n) __________ variable might produce inaccurate results by affecting the outcome of an experiment. A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand A) extraneous B) placebo C) control D) demand

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

AnswersAnswers 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.D 14.A 15.D 16.C 17.A 18.A 19.D 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.A