CHAPTER 2 The World Today

STONE AGE PEOPLE Learned to make stone tools and weapons Nomads migrated across a wide area adapted to different climates and landforms Agricultural Revolution learned to farm and domesticate animals led to permanent communities supported larger populations development of new forms of government

First Civilizations Nile River Valley Indus Valley Huang He Valley Common Features Well-organized governments Complex religions Specialized skills and jobs Social classes Methods of record keeping

The World in 1300 Islamic rule from Spain to China Aztecs in Mexico Incas in South America Small European kingdoms

Emergence of Europe Late 1400s Beginning of the Renaissance

Rediscovered the learning of ancient civilizations Scientific discoveries and practical inventions Adapted technologies - Diffusion From barter economy to money economy Spain, Portugal, England, France built colonial empires

Mid-1700s Second Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution Main Causes New plants from the Americas Improved farming methods New farm machines Industrial Revolution Key Features Machines replaced hand tools Steam and electricity took the place of human and animal power

Imperialism Industrialization set off a new wave of European expansion overseas Need for raw materials Need for new markets for manufactured goods

Imperialism control by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region Westernization adoption of western culture Imperialist nations felt that western culture was better than the cultures of other regions European efforts to transform other cultures met with limited success Nationalism pride in and loyalty to one’s country Nationalism spread in Africa, Asia, and Latin America Leaders fought to end foreign control

The Developing World

Economic Patterns Imperialist encouraged people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America to grow cash crops Then sold manufactured goods to less-developed countries less developed countries became dependent on the imports local economies based on crafts declined

Goals of Modernization Political Stability Economic Diversity Education and Services Loans and Debt Developing countries need money to modernize becomes necessary to borrow from wealthy nations World financial crisis means borrower nations can not pay debt Lender nations have tried debt relief Lender nations have become cautious in making loans

Problems of Development Population Explosion more than 3/4 of the world population live in the developing world Why the explosion? Improved health care Traditions and religious beliefs about large families Urbanization Push to industrialize leads to rapid growth of cities Puts strain on cities Cannot keep up with needs Housing, schools, basic health and sanitation services Rapid population growth and failure to modernize has widened the gap between developing and developed nations

Growing Interdependence International and Regional Organizations United Nations (UN) Organization of American States (OAS) African Union (AU)

Issues of Global Concern Refugees Hundreds of thousands flee every year Flee to escape poverty, war, harsh governments Drug Trade Poverty Can only be ended by nations working together

Terrorism Driven by extreme political or religious causes Violence to achieve political goals Environment Threats to the environment Destruction of rainforest Pollution of water, air, soil Chemical and nuclear plant accidents

Global Economy Economic links have grown stronger Events in one region can affect the world Human Rights Helsinki Agreement Basic Human Rights Freedom of speech, religion and the press

Technology and the Future Development of hard crops to feed the world’s population New Medicines to combat disease Work to predict or control natural disasters Rapid cultural change because of the Internet, cell phones, fiber optics