Chapter 28

The Middle East Part I Ottoman Empire was in decline Young Turks –Modernization –More secular

Causes of WWI Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy People were excited of the “idea” of war Triple Alliance –Germany –Austria-Hungary –Ottomans Triple Entente –Britain –France – Russia Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia -July 28, 1914

The “Great War” Stalemate, 1914–1917 The Western Front –trench warfare –Machine guns –Poisonous gas –Artillery –Airplanes Seas –U-boats vs. huge battle ships Eastern Front –Industrial Germany decimating large numbers of Russians

Total War Rationing Use of colonies Women-nurses and working in factories United States –Wealth from selling weapons –US enters war- Unrestricted Sub-warfare/ 1917 Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 Worst Conflict in world history Millions of refugees Influenza Destruction of land

Peace The Big three –England –US –France Treaty of Versailles Nobody was happy Woodrow Wilson –14 Points

The Middle East Part II Ottomans faced strong defeats by Russians British encouraged Arab rebellions Balfour Declaration of 1917 Oil

Russian Revolution Russians faced horrible loses during war Tsar overthrown Provisional Government Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks Party

Russian Civil War Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1921 Lenin’s New Economic Policy Lenin died Leon Trotsky vs Joseph Stalin

China vs Japan China faced harsh conditions –Vast social stratification –Anger toward foreigners –Horrible flooding Japan lacked many natural resources –Economy based on trade and Imperialism –Greatly effected by global business cycle Japan entered WWI to gain colonies

Post Imperial China Boxer Rebellion –Humiliated by foreigners –Qing hated –Especially by youth Sun Yat-sen vs Yuan Shikai –Yuan ruled as an absololute dictator Regional Warlords controlled most areas –Japan gained German colonies Sun Yat-sen’s Guomindang party worked with Communists Chiang Kai-shek crushed warlords and communists Still suffered horrible poverty- corruption

The Middle East Part III-- The Mandate System 3 types of “Mandates” Ottoman Government disintegrated Mustafa Kemal –Modern secular state Palestine Mandate- Limit Jews / Made everyone angry

The 1920s Painful recovery and readjustment (1919–1923) Peace and prosperity (1924–1929). Decline in social stratification Women gained more freedoms Changes in Academics –Sub-atomic particles –Theory of relativity Question Newtonian physics –psychology Sigmund Freud –sociology cultural relativism

New Technologies Airplane Electronics –Radio –Film Medicine Plumbing Sewage Soap Skyscraper Mass-produced automobiles –suburbs Gasoline-powered tractors –Food