Modeling the Planet Maps and map making

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Maps Maps are used to represent the Earth or part of the Earth in an easily accessible manner. Maps are used to represent the Earth or part of the Earth in an easily accessible manner. We often find these 3 types of maps We often find these 3 types of maps Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection Gnomonic ProjectionGnomonic Projection Polyconic ProjectionPolyconic Projection

Mercator Cylindrical Projection Map Cylindrical Projection Map

Gerardus Mercator Don’t Write This Down Don’t Write This Down (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a Flemish cartographer. He was born in Rupelmonde in the County of Flanders. He is remembered for the Mercator projection world map, which is named after him. This proved very useful to many later explorers. (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a Flemish cartographer. He was born in Rupelmonde in the County of Flanders. He is remembered for the Mercator projection world map, which is named after him. This proved very useful to many later explorers.FlemishcartographerRupelmondeCounty of Flanders Mercator projectionworld mapFlemishcartographerRupelmondeCounty of Flanders Mercator projectionworld map

Gnomonic Azimuthal Projection Map Azimuthal Projection Map

Polyconic Conic Projection Map Conic Projection Map

What Are They Good For?

Longitude and Latitude Lines of longitude and latitude are circles around the Earth. Lines of longitude and latitude are circles around the Earth.

Latitude Equator- The “great circle” that runs around the middle of the Earth. Equator- The “great circle” that runs around the middle of the Earth. All other lines of latitude are smaller circles. All other lines of latitude are smaller circles. These lines run from East to West and measure North to South. These lines run from East to West and measure North to South.

Longitude All lines of longitude are great circles. All lines of longitude are great circles. They run from North to South and measure East to West. They run from North to South and measure East to West. Longitude is measured in degrees from the prime meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England. Longitude is measured in degrees from the prime meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England. Each degree of longitude can be further split into 60 minutes and again into 60 seconds. Each degree of longitude can be further split into 60 minutes and again into 60 seconds.

Scales Map scales relate map distance to real world distance. Map scales relate map distance to real world distance.

Orientation A compass helps us find our direction. A compass helps us find our direction. The Earth has two sets of poles. Geographic and Magnetic poles. The Earth has two sets of poles. Geographic and Magnetic poles.

Orienting the Map

How we make maps Cartographers make maps by viewing the land from a high elevation point. Cartographers make maps by viewing the land from a high elevation point. The map is created with the use of a plane table. The map is created with the use of a plane table. This method of map making dominated until the 1940’s. This method of map making dominated until the 1940’s.

Technology Today, map making can be a much faster and more accurate process. Today, map making can be a much faster and more accurate process. Arial PhotographyArial Photography RadarRadar Satellite ImagerySatellite Imagery We can make maps of the Earth, Moon, and even Mars. We can make maps of the Earth, Moon, and even Mars.

GPS

Topographic Maps

Contour Lines The contour lines on a topographic map indicate lines of constant elevation. The contour lines on a topographic map indicate lines of constant elevation. Contour lines form loops Contour lines form loops Contour lines never cross. Contour lines never cross. Contour lines always have equal increments. Contour lines always have equal increments. The contour interval is often indicated on the map The contour interval is often indicated on the map mapping_contours_001.pdf

Contour Lines

Slope and Elevation The distance between contour lines shows you slope. The distance between contour lines shows you slope. When contour lines are jam packed, this indicates a steep drop off. When contour lines are jam packed, this indicates a steep drop off. The slope can be calculated by dividing the change in elevation by the distance between two points. The slope can be calculated by dividing the change in elevation by the distance between two points.

Elevation Profile

Map Activity Mapactivity2.doc Mapactivity2.doc Mapactivity2.doc

Local Maps Maps can be downloaded from USGS Maps can be downloaded from USGS /maplocator/(layout=6_1_61_50_2& uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea= )/.do /maplocator/(layout=6_1_61_50_2& uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea= )/.do /maplocator/(layout=6_1_61_50_2& uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea= )/.do /maplocator/(layout=6_1_61_50_2& uiarea=2&ctype=areaDetails&carea= )/.do