THINKING GEOGRAPHICALLY: NATURE AND PERSPECTIVES Human Geography Physical Geography Five themes of Geography 1. Location (absolute and relative) 2.Movement (ideas, people, goods) 3.Regions – what do areas have in common 4.Place – what is unique about a location 5.Human Environment Interaction a. Modify b. adapt Famous Geographers: Eratosthenes – Father of Geography – circumference of the Earth Ptolemy: Compiled first Atlas “ Guide to Geography”. It was Ptolemy's incorrect map that Columbus used to determine he could sail around the world.

Location: Site: physical character of a place – Situation: Relative location – location in relation to other places. Longitude, latitude ----meridians, parallels Prime Meridian, International Dateline Greenwich Mean Time Time Zones (degrees?) Country with no time zones? 15 degrees On a river

MAPS AND MAP PROJECTIONS: All maps have distortion. The type of projection is determined by the projection. The Mercator projection distorts shapes around the poles. Perfect for ship navigation.

A Robinson projection distorts all features a little but no area to a large degree.

A Peter’s projection “spreads “ countries near the equator but squashes them near the poles. An azimuthal map shows the earth from a particular point. Doesn’t show all of the planet.

Map Scale Large scale map 1” = 5 miles. Would be used on a local map. Small scale map 1” = 500 miles. Would be used on a larger map. Large scale = small map Small scale = large map

Geographer’s are interested in the way places and things are arranged and organized on the surface of the Earth. In simple terms, spatial means “space.” This spatial perspective means they notice patterns, environments, distributions of people and locations of all kinds of objects. Spatial analysis, spatial distribution Look at the spatial distribution of the desks in your classrooms.

Spatial Analysis Geographers search for patterns in the distribution and movement of human activities and environmental processes. Where is AIDs?AIDs Where do we find hunger?hunger Where are American blacks (region) ?American blacks Where are cattle raised?cattle

Spatial Analysis: Crime Mapping

Describing Distributions

Types of density Arithmetic density: How many or how much in a given space

Physiological density: Number of people per unit of farmland Agricultural density: Number of farmers per unit of farm land Can this information define an LDC or MDC?

Chloropleth Maps Cartogram Types of maps

Dot Map Isoline map

Mental mapping You have a “mental image” of a place or location. The closer to familiar places, the more accurate it tends to be. Map projection How to get a round map onto a flat sheet of paper. Something will always be distorted.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Satellite imaging takes photos of “layers” of the surface. These can be separated and studied for a particular purpose.

Scale can also be used to identify the importance of an occurrence. These exist on levels from a small to large scale. If 25 people die in a flood in Burkina Faso, the scale of the tragedy is important there, but not on a world scale. If 250,000 people die in a Tsunami in the Indian Ocean, the scale is important on a worldwide scale. Think ZOOM A murder in Cypress is important in scale to us, but not necessarily to someone in Duluth.

REGIONS Functional (nodal) The “threshold” of a central location (node.) The coverage of a radio station, newspaper The South, East Texas, Cy- Fair

Types of regions: perceptual (vernacular) We know where it is, but it is not an “official” region The Panhandle of Texas

Functional region – an area organized around a nodal or central point Public radio Newspaper distribution

Formal regions have an “official” designation such as precincts, counties, states, countries, etc… The “corn belt” is also considered a formal region because everything in the region is built around corn production.

All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related. Related Concepts: – Distance Decay – Friction of Distance – Gravity Model (influence of one place on another) Tobler’s 1 st Law of Geography

DIFFUSION EXPANSION DIFFUSION RELOCATION DIFFUSION Spread of an idea from the physical movement of people. Hierarchal Diffusion: spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places. (top down diffusion) Contagious Diffusion: The rapid and widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout a population. Stimulus diffusion: The spread of a principle even though the characteristic itself does not diffuse. Apple vs Microsoft

GENERAL INFORMATION Space-time compression The reduction in time it takes something to diffuse to a distant place. (technology) Toponyms: Place names San Antonio, Red Bluff Mountain, Longwood Golf Club Sequence occupance The change over time as to what is “occupying” a particular space. Prairie to sod hut to house to apartments to vacant lot

Environmental Determinism: the environment determines the relative success of failure of a group of people. The physical environment causes and restricts human development. Distance decay: the diminishing importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomena the further away it is from its origin. Possibilism: the environment may set limits on development, but people have the ability to overcome their environments.

Density Pattern Concentration- Irregular Arithmetic Concentration - regular dispersed Linear or clustered? end

Arithmetic density The number of an item in a given space. Physiological density Number of people per given amount of arable land. Arable or agricultural density Number of farmers per given amount of arable land. end