Mapping Our World Section 2.1

180 0 New Vocabulary Cartography: the science of mapmaking latitude Prime meridian 180 0 International Date Line equator longitude latitude

Latitude Distances are in degrees ______ or ______ of the equator. They run ________ to the equator. north parallel south Lines of Latitude The _______ is at 0 latitude. equator The poles are at ___ latitude. 90

Symbol Actual Distance Degree  111 km Minute ‘ 1.85 km

Longitude meridians Lines of longitude are also known as __________. Longitude is distance in degrees _____ or _____ of the prime meridian. The _______________ is the reference point for meridians. It represents __ longitude. The prime meridian goes through ___________________. Points west of the prime meridian are numbered from __ to ____ west longitude. Points east of the prime meridian are numbered from 0 to 180 ______________. east west Prime meridian 0 Greenwich, England 0 180 east longitude

Assignment: Page 16 (do entire page)

2.2 Vocabulary Mercator, conic, and gnomonic projection Topographic map a map that shows changes in elevation of Earth’s surface. Contour line a line on a map that connect points of equal elevation Contour interval the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines Map legend a table that explains what the symbols on a map represent Map scale the ratio between distances on a map and the actual distances on the surface of Earth

Map Scales Type of Scale Expressed as Example Verbal Scale A statement One centimeter is equal it one kilometer Graphic Scale A line that represents a certain distance [------------] 1 kilometer Fractional Scale A ratio 1:25 1/25

Topographic Map Rules A contour line is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth connecting points of equal elevation. Each contour line represents one elevation. Contour lines never cross. The vertical spacing (difference in elevation) between contour lines is known as the contour interval. Typical contour intervals are 10, 20, 50, and 100 feet. Every fifth contour is printed darker. These lines are called index lines. If the contour interval on a map is 20 feet, then the 100', 200', 300' (etc.) contours will be index contours. Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes. Widely spaced contour lines represent gentle slopes. Remember that streams and rivers flow downhill (from higher elevations to lower elevations). Note that where a contour line crosses a stream or river the contour lines are bent sharply, forming a "V". The point of the "V" points uphill or upstream.

Closed depressions are indicated by contour lines that form roughly a circle, with short "tick marks" or "hachure marks" perpendicular to them on the downhill side. A series of closed contour lines in a rough circle represents a hill