The Protestant Reformation

Objectives To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society

Conflicts That Challenged the Authority of the Catholic Church Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury-the lending of money and charging interest German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Holy Roman Empire in 1500 Located in modern day Germany Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states Each State had its own Prince The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V

The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE Inherited the Holy Roman Empire at the age of 25 Had to hold his empire together He was Catholic-The Princes were converting to Lutheranism! Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Empire of Charles V

The Catholic Church in 1500 The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe Held the monopoly on information and education Owned a great deal of property People resented the wealth of the Church The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes The Church was corrupt!

The Catholic Church Power of the Pope: Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earth Infallible Above any earthly power Made international treaties All clergy take vows of celibacy -stay unmarried

What Catholics Believe The Seven Sacraments : Baptism Eucharist (mass/communion) Confirmation Confession Anointing of the Sick-Last rites Holy Orders –men to become priests Marriage

Height of Papal Corruption Who? Pope Leo X Medici Pope-second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent What did he do? Depleted Papal coffers Money needed for St Peter’s reconstruction Solution: Sale of Church offices-Simony Sale of indulgences Pope Leo X with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church not start a separate church

Martin Luther Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany Joined the Order of Saint Augustine 1505 became a monk Moved to Wittenberg in 1511 Strong sense of unworthiness Troubled by the sale of indulgences Church taught that it was faith and good works that saved a person

Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church: Indulgences and Justification Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority- not the pope or clergy Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works

What Luther Wanted Sola Fidei Justification/Salvation by Faith Alone Sola Scriptura Authority of the Scriptures Alone Sola Gratia By grace alone

Sale of Indulgences Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 “ As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs.”

What was an Indulgence? A Papal pardon for sins. A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory Purgatory-a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime Purchase for yourself or a departed relative Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory according to Luther

Martin Luther’s Actions Luther posted his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one.

How Did Word Spread So Quickly? Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press

Reaction To Luther Gained support from people and criticism from Church Luther had the support of many, including the princes in the HRE Millions converted

Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. Romans 1:17 “The righteous shall live by faith.” Banned Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints Simplified the elaborate mass and emphasized the sermon Permitted clergy to marry

Luther’s Showdown with the Church June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication Papal Bull-Official document issued by the Pope Luther was ordered to recant-take back- his teachings Luther burned the Papal Bull Excommunicated! This behavior caused a conclusive and irrevocable break with Rome

The Diet of Worms-April 1521 Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms Diet-assembly or meeting-of German princes Luther asked to recant, he again refused. Charles V issued the Edict of Worms Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner

Edict of Worms Declared Luther an outlaw It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!) This spread his beliefs even further Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language.

The Peace of Augsburg 1555 The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politically Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states Charles V, the HRE tried to force Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success The Peace of Augsburg: Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion A Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran of Catholic

Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition Literal interpretation of the Bible Predestination Faith revealed by living a righteous life Protestant work ethic Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Predestination Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland Theocracy-government run by church leaders Geneva became a magnet city for other reformers who took Calvin’s message home with them

Reformation in England Henry VIII: The Anglican Tradition Henry VIII-King of England Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs Opposed Luther’s beliefs Saw himself as a Roman Catholic even writing a pamphlet denouncing Luther Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Leo X

Henry VIII Needs a Divorce! Catholic Church does not permit divorce Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce male heir only a girl- Mary Tudor Henry needed a male to preserve his throne Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir The Pope denied his request Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it

Act of Supremacy-1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England” The all monarchs of England continue to hold that title Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason Sir Thomas More was one of them!

Another Girl for Henry Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn-there was actually a bit of an overlap! He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him a girl- Elizabeth BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH SEPTEMBER 7, 1533

By the Queen Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich. The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign

Henry’s Six Wives! Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived. Catherine of Aragon Annulled Jane Seymour Died childbed fever Anne of Cleves Annulled Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded Catherine Parr survived

Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I died Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants Made England a firmly Protestant nation Little religious turmoil for decades

Branches of Christianity CHRISTIANITY Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Protestant Lutheran Martin Luther Calvinist John Calvin Anglican Henry VIII Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian

Catholic Protestant

The Protestant Reformation Map

Results In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths

The Catholic Counter-Reformation The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism. It was losing followers which meant it was losing money. They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church.

The Council of Trent The Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to make reforms The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices: Salvation comes through faith and good works The Bible is not the only source of truth Council took steps to end Church abuses

The Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola- religious order to defend and spread the Catholic faith world wide The Society of Jesus, the Jesuits, was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world Sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas. Known for setting up schools

Spread of Christianity Protestant England settled in what is now the United States. Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America. Catholic Protestant

END

Conclusion The Protestant Reformation began as a theological dispute between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church Theological dispute becomes religious conflict, as Catholics and Protestant are persecuted for their beliefs Religious conflict becomes a political conflict between states seeking to advance their positions

Luther’s Marries Katherine von Bora