Thinking Geographically 4 types of maps 5 themes of geography 3 types of regions Site vs. Situation

Mercator Projection - 1569 Low distortion on land shape Distortion is greatest at the poles

Robinson Projection - 1963 Distorts shape, size, distance, and direction evenly, but preserves all four the best at the Equator

Goode Projection - 1923 Land masses are true Distances are distorted

Lambert Projection - 1772 Direction is true from center point Distorted shapes and direction at the edges Views one hemisphere of the world

5 Themes: Place A specific point on Earth

5 Themes: Region An area on Earth distinguished by a combination of culture and physical features

5 Themes: Scale Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole

5 Themes: Space Refers to the physical gap between objects

5 Themes: Connections Relationships among people and objects across space

Types of Regions: Formal (Uniform) An area within everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics

Types of Regions: Functional (Nodal) An area organized around a node or focal point, diminishes in importance as it grows outward

Types of Regions: Vernacular (Perceptual) A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Site Situation Site vs. Situation The physical characteristic of a place Example: Marion County’s site characteristics include knobs, rivers, and a high percentage of agricultural land The location of a place in relation to others Example: Lebanon is approximately 60 miles south of Louisville

Latitude and Longitude Latitude – runs flat and are parallel 0⁰ Latitude is the Equator Latitude lines go from 90⁰ South Latitude to 90⁰ North Latitude Longitude – runs up and down, meet at the poles 0⁰ Longitude is the Prime Meridian, 180⁰ Longitude is the International Date Line Longitude meridians go from 0⁰ to 180⁰ and are measured east to west in relation Greenwich, England

Map Distortions Shape Size Direction Distance

Types of Diffusions Relocation – physical movement of people Expansion – snowball effect Hierarchical – spreads from nodes of authority Contagious – rapid and widespread diffusion Stimulus – as an idea spreads, part of its concept is lost, the rest continues to be spread