Unit 1 test study guide

Climate (1) What is the most important factor determining the climate of a region? latitude

Mid latitude regions

Delta ______ are common landforms created by rivers flowing into a larger body of water as the river waters meet the tide of the larger bodies of water. Deltas (2)

El Nino (3) El Nino brings warm & wet climate conditions A cold current that flows from west to east across the southern part of the Pacific Ocean turns toward the equator along the coast of South America and flows north along the coast of Chile and Peru. Every 2 to 10 years, strong winds spread the warm water over a large area resulting in droughts in some areas and flooding in others. This brings increase rainfall for Texas.

Climate (5) -Temperature ranges in areas located near oceans do not vary much because water heats and cools more slowly. -Temperature ranges in-land, far away from the influence of water temperatures will vary more. (continentality)

(7) Climate is the weather conditions of a particular location over a long period of time As with polar bears, other bears such as black bears, thrive better in the higher latitudes.

10/3/ What is the difference between human modification and human adaptation of the environment? - Give an example of human modification. - Give an example of human adaptation. - Give an example of humans depending on the environment. Adapting To Our Environment (8)

10/3/20159 Answer to the question… (8) A human modification of the environment means that humans have actually changed some part of the physical environment. (building dams, canals, roads, etc.) Human adaptation to the environment is a change in human behavior to cope with environmental conditions. (wearing heavy clothes in the winter or cold climates, wearing light clothes in summer or warm climates, heating homes, air-conditioning & insulation in homes, & preparing for a hurricane, etc.)

Subsistence farming (6) Subsistence agriculture is self- sufficiency farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed their families. In more developed areas, the building of dams have helped improve farming and a better way of life by providing electricity and a reservoir for irrigation.

Adapting to the environment is wearing clothes, air-conditioned buildings, insulation. Modifying the environment is building: Houses, tunnels, bridges, dams.

Cultures & Modification / Adaptation (16) Native America Indians depended on the buffalo for food and clothing. However, because of the settlers killed man of these animals, the buffalo became extinct. Native Americans believed in community ownership. The English settlers believed in private ownership.

When does a hemisphere have a cold climate? When it is tilted away from the sun When does a hemisphere have a warm climate? When it is tilted towards the sun Sun Earth Relation (9)

Explain the seasons of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres and how they vary.

When its winter in the Northern Hemisphere it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

Physical maps (10) Vegetation maps are physical maps that show a regions physical characteristics, such as vegetation. They also will show man made features as well.

There general types of plate boundaries are recognized: convergent, divergent, and transform. Plate Tectonic Theory

Earthquakes (4) Plates moving in any direction causes earthquakes The worst are caused by plates rubbing past each other as in C This happens along the Californian coast An underwater earthquake along a subduction zone can create a tsunami.

Sea floor spreading Large continents begin to crack and split apart The gaps fill with water Small seas become oceans The mid ocean ridge continues to produce new crust

Subduction – plates diving under another plate (e.g. oceanic plate diving under a continental plate) Convergent – plates colliding, or crashing into one another (creates mountains or plateaus) Divergent – plates spreading or moving apart from one another (create rift valleys - The Great Rift Valley in east Africa) Transforming – plates sliding past each other (causes earthquakes along boundaries) TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENTS ( page 2)

Subduction – the oceanic plate diving under a continental plate Convergent – creates mountains or plateaus divergent – The Great Rift Valley in east Africa transforming – causes earthquakes along boundaries

Earthquakes A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

(15) Landforms are worn away by water, wind, and ice. Water erosion creates the deepest valleys and canyons.

Forms Of Erosion Chemical Weathering This is caused by chemical reactions as a result of interactions between elements in the air or water and the minerals in the rock (water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes.

Mechanical weathering is the physical that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface, occurring slowly over many years.

Landforms are worn away by water, wind, and ice. Water erosion creates the deepest valley’s and canyons.

Region (12) an area of the earth’s surface with similar characteristics.

Regions PAY ATTENTION! What region would you find a lot of rain swamps and marsh land?

Southeastern U.S. Swamps Gulf coast Rain

Explain how hurricanes and typhoons are created.

When warm winds and water currents come together, and are effected where by the rotation of the earth on it’s axis. This is called the : Next page (11)

Coriolis effect.

Be able to identify the various climate regions. Example: Cuba, Jamaica and Haiti.

Urbanization

Absolute location 14 Latitude/Longitude

Latitude: place north or south of the earth's equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes Longitude: lines on a planet that measure distance east and west from a line designated as the "Prime Meridian

Relative location is :is the location of something in comparison to the location of something else. For example, if I said, "My house is near the school," that's a relative location. I'm telling you where my house is located relative to the school.

13 Relative location is giving directions while latitude and longitude give you the exact location of a place.

Movement by people from rural areas to cities

Water cycle

Movement of water from oceans to the air to the ground back to the oceans.

Geography The study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth.

Be able to explain the hydrological cycle

It is the constant movement of the earth’s water from oceans to air to land back to oceans

Compare and contrast the Oceans:

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest Ocean Area:total: million sq km about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world

Atlantic is the second largest ocean Indian is the third largest ocean Southern is the fourth largest ocean Arctic is the smallest

Be able to explain where most of the earth’s fresh water is found: Rivers and lakes.

Explain how a map grid can help you find the location of a place. Where latitude and longitude intersect is the exact location of a place.

Explain the earth is divided into hemispheres

The equator divides the earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres The prime meridian divides the earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres