Fig. 13-00

A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves Fig. 13-01 A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves A flower mantid in Malaysia A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves Fig. 13-01a A Trinidad tree mantid that mimics dead leaves

A leaf mantid in Costa Rica Fig. 13-01b A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

A flower mantid in Malaysia Fig. 13-01c A flower mantid in Malaysia

Darwin begins analyzing his specimens and writing his Fig. 13-02 1837 Darwin begins analyzing his specimens and writing his notebooks on the origin of species. 1809 Lamarck publishes his theory of evolution. 1844 Darwin writes his essay on the origin of species. 1830 Lyell publishes Principles of Geology. 1865 Mendel publishes papers on genetics. 1800 1870 1809 Charles Darwin is born. 1859 Darwin publishes The Origin of Species. 1858 Wallace sends an account of his theory to Darwin. 1831–36 Darwin travels around the world on the HMS Beagle. Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands

Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands Fig. 13-02a Green sea turtle in the Galápagos Islands

Fig. 13-02b

Fig. 13-02c

Fig. 13-02d

Fig. 13-03 Darwin in 1840 Great Britain Asia Europe North America ATLANTIC OCEAN HMS Beagle Africa Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Genovesa Equator Marchena South America Equator Santiago Daphne Islands Australia Fernandina Pinzón Cape of Good Hope Isabela Santa Cruz PACIFIC OCEAN Santa Fe Andes San Cristobal 40 km Florenza Española Cape Horn Tasmania 40 miles New Zealand Tierra del Fuego

Fig. 13-03a Darwin in 1840

Fig. 13-03b HMS Beagle

Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal Fig. 13-03c Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Genovesa Marchena Equator Santiago Daphne Islands Pinzón Fernandina Isabela Santa Cruz Santa Fe San Cristobal Florenza 40 km Española 40 miles

Fig. 13-04

Fig. 13-04a

Fig. 13-04b

Fig. 13-05

Fig. 13-06-1

Fig. 13-06-2

Fig. 13-06-3

Koala Common ringtail possum Common wombat Red kangaroo Australia Fig. 13-07 Australia Koala Common ringtail possum Common wombat Red kangaroo

Common ringtail possum Fig. 13-07a Common ringtail possum

Fig. 13-07b Red kangaroo

Fig. 13-07c Koala

Fig. 13-07d Common wombat

Fig. 13-08 Human Cat Whale Bat

Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chicken embryo Human embryo Fig. 13-09 Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chicken embryo Human embryo

Fig. 13-09a Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chicken embryo

Fig. 13-09b Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Human embryo

Percent of selected DNA sequences that match a chimpanzee’s DNA Fig. 13-10 Primate Percent of selected DNA sequences that match a chimpanzee’s DNA 92% 96% 100% Chimpanzee Human Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon Old World monkey

(b) The small tree finch (c) The woodpecker finch Fig. 13-11 (a) The large ground finch (b) The small tree finch (c) The woodpecker finch

(a) The large ground finch Fig. 13-11a (a) The large ground finch

(b) The small tree finch Fig. 13-11b (b) The small tree finch

(c) The woodpecker finch Fig. 13-11c (c) The woodpecker finch

Fig. 13-12 Spore cloud

Fig. 13-13

Insecticide application Fig. 13-14-1 Insecticide application Chromosome with gene conferring resistance to pesticide

Insecticide application Fig. 13-14-2 Insecticide application Chromosome with gene conferring resistance to pesticide

Insecticide application Fig. 13-14-3 Insecticide application Chromosome with gene conferring resistance to pesticide Survivors Reproduction

(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard 20 Length (mm) Fig. 13-15 Live Killed (a) A flat-tailed horned lizard 20 Length (mm) Live 10 Killed Rear horns Side horns (tip to tip) (b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike (c) Results of measurement of lizard horns

(a) A flat-tailed horned lizard Fig. 13-15a (a) A flat-tailed horned lizard

(b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike Fig. 13-15b (b) The remains of a lizard impaled by a shrike

(c) Results of measurement of lizard horns Fig. 13-15c Live Killed 20 Length (mm) Live 10 Killed Rear horns Side horns (tip to tip) (c) Results of measurement of lizard horns

Lungfishes Amphibians Tetrapods Mammals Amniotes Tetrapod limbs Fig. 13-16 Lungfishes Amphibians Tetrapods Mammals Tetrapod limbs Amniotes Lizards and snakes Amnion Crocodiles Ostriches Birds Feathers Hawks and other birds

(a) Two dense populations of trees separated by a lake Fig. 13-17 (a) Two dense populations of trees separated by a lake (b) A nighttime satellite view of North America

(a) Two dense populations of trees separated by a lake Fig. 13-17a (a) Two dense populations of trees separated by a lake

(b) A nighttime satellite view of North America Fig. 13-17b (b) A nighttime satellite view of North America

Fig. 13-18

Fig. 13-19

Allele frequencies p  0.8 (R) q  0.2 (r) Eggs R r p  0.8 q  0.2 RR Fig. 13-20 Allele frequencies p  0.8 (R) q  0.2 (r) Eggs R r p  0.8 q  0.2 RR Rr p2  0.64 pq  0.16 R p  0.8 Sperm rR rr q2  0.04 r qp  0.16 q  0.2 p2  0.64 q2  0.04 Genotype frequencies 2pq  0.32 (RR) (Rr) (rr)

INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL, MAGNESIUM STEARATE, ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR, Fig. 13-21 INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL, MAGNESIUM STEARATE, ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR, ASPARTAME† (SWEETENER), ARTIFICIAL COLOR (YELLOW 5 LAKE, BLUE 1 LAKE), ZINC GLUCONATE. †PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE

p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3 Fig. 13-22-1 RR RR Rr rr RR Rr RR Rr RR Rr Generation 1 p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3

p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3 p  0.5 q  0.5 Fig. 13-22-2 rr RR RR RR Only 5 of 10 plants leave offspring Rr Rr rr RR RR rr Rr Rr RR Rr rr RR RR Rr Rr Rr Generation 1 Generation 2 p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3 p  0.5 q  0.5

RR RR rr RR RR Only 5 of 10 plants leave offspring Only 2 of 10 plants Fig. 13-22-3 RR RR rr RR RR Only 5 of 10 plants leave offspring Only 2 of 10 plants leave offspring Rr Rr RR RR rr RR RR rr RR RR Rr Rr RR RR RR rr RR Rr RR RR RR Rr Rr Rr RR Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 p (frequency of R)  0.7 q (frequency of r)  0.3 p  0.5 q  0.5 p  1.0 q  0.0

Fig. 13-23-1 Original population

Original population Bottlenecking event Fig. 13-23-2 Original population Bottlenecking event

Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population Fig. 13-23-3 Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population

Fig. 13-24

South America Tristan da Cunha Fig. 13-25 Africa South America Tristan da Cunha

Fig. 13-25a

Fig. 13-25b Africa South America Tristan da Cunha

Fig. 13-26

Fig. 13-27

Phenotypes (fur color) Fig. 13-28 of individuals Frequency Original population Evolved population Phenotypes (fur color) Original population (a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection (c) Stabilizing selection

(a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species (b) Competing for mates Fig. 13-29 (a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species (b) Competing for mates

(a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species Fig. 13-29a (a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species

(b) Competing for mates Fig. 13-29b (b) Competing for mates

Frequencies of the sickle-cell allele 0–2.5% 2.5–5.0% 5.0–7.5% Fig. 13-30 Colorized SEM Frequencies of the sickle-cell allele 0–2.5% 2.5–5.0% 5.0–7.5% 7.5–10.0% Areas with high incidence of malaria 10.0–12.5% 12.5%

Fig. 13-30a Frequencies of the sickle-cell allele 0–2.5% 2.5–5.0% 5.0–7.5% 7.5–10.0% Areas with high incidence of malaria 10.0–12.5% 12.5%

Fig. 13-30b Colorized SEM

Fig. 13-UN01 Frequency of one allele Frequency of alternate allele

Frequency of homozygotes for one allele Frequency of heterozygotes Fig. 13-UN02 Frequency of homozygotes for one allele Frequency of heterozygotes Frequency of homozygotes for alternate allele

unequal reproductive success Fig. 13-UN03 Observations Conclusion Overproduction of offspring Natural selection: unequal reproductive success Individual variation

Frequency of one allele Frequency of alternate allele Frequency of Fig. 13-UN04 Frequency of one allele Frequency of alternate allele Frequency of homozygotes for one allele Frequency of heterozygotes Frequency of homozygotes for alternate allele

Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection Fig. 13-UN05 Evolved population Original population Pressure of natural selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection