find-happiness.com news.nationalgeographic.com upload.wikimedia.org stuffeducatedlatinoslike.files.wordpress.com What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES? What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?

Elements of Life 96% of living organisms are made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Goal 2.01: Biochemistry

Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? – carbohydrates sugars & starches – fats (lipids) – proteins – nucleic acids DNA, RNA Molecules of Life

Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals – Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair – Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP

Don’t forget water Water – 65% of your body is H 2 O – water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules – organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules – building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules – polymers

Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

Synthesis – building bigger molecules from smaller molecules – building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction How to build large molecules + ATP

Digestion – taking big molecules apart – getting raw materials for synthesis & growth – making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions How to break large molecules + ATP

Example of digestion STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE Starch (glucose storage in plants) glucose ATP Glycogen (glucose storage in animals)

Example of synthesis amino acids = building block protein = polymer amino acids protein  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

Carbohydrates: QUICK Energy molecules hubpages.com Why would a low carbohydrate diet help you to loose weight? OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O

sucrose Carbohydrates Function: – quick energy – Short term energy storage – structure cell wall in plants Examples – sugars – starches – cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in – glucose – fructose – sucrose – maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose

Building carbohydrates Synthesis | Fructose 1 sugar | Glucose 1 sugar monosaccharides | Sucrose 2 sugars linked (table sugar) disaccharide

BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides: = many sugars in a big molecule – starch energy storage in plants – potatoes – glycogen energy storage in animals – in liver & muscles – cellulose structure in plants – cell walls – chitin structure in arthropods & fungi – exoskeleton

Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest

Cellulose Cell walls in plants – herbivores can digest cellulose well – most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage – stays undigested – keeps material moving in your intestines

Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well? – BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Any Questions?

Lipids Concentrated long-term energy molecules swotti.com notexactlyrocketscience.files.wordpress.com myspace.com

Lipids Examples – fats – oils – waxes – hormones sex hormones – testosterone (male) – estrogen (female)

Lipids Function: – Long-term energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! – cell membrane – cushions organs – insulates body think whale blubber! nomoretreats.com

Molecular Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” 1 double bond = unsaturated More than 1 double bond = polyunsaturated

Saturated fats Most animal fats – solid at room temperature Limit the amount in your diet – contributes to heart disease – deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish fats – liquid at room temperature the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together Better choice in your diet

Other lipids in biology Cholesterol – good molecule in cell membranes – make hormones from it including sex hormones – but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease

Good vs. Bad Cholesterol Total Cholesterol Levels < 200 LDL = BAD! Needs to be below 100 HDL = GOOD!! Needs to be 60 or above Triglycerides = BAD! Needs to be 150 or below Cholesterol Video 23:00 7BCB3B1241A4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Cholesterol Quiz

Other lipids in biology Cell membranes are made out of lipids – phospholipids – heads are on the outside touching water “like” water – tails are on inside away from water “scared” of water – forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

Any Questions? to55er.wordpress.com

greatmusclebuildingworkouts.info Proteins: Multipurpose molecules

– muscle – skin, hair, fingernails, claws collagen, keratin – pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach – Insulin Hormone that controls blood sugar levels – Hemoglobin Oxygen-carrying part of blood cells gomuscles.net listsoplenty.com Examples of Proteins:

Hormones – signals from one body system to another – insulin Movement – muscle Immune system – protect against germs Enzymes – help chemical reactions Functions of Proteins: s2.hubimg.com Proteins perform many, many functions. Here are just a few…

Proteins Building block = amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O variable group amino acids 20 different amino acids There are 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet… Can make lots of different words

Proteins are amino acid chains Proteins – amino acids chained into a polymer  Each amino acid is different  some “like” water & dissolve in it  some “fear” water & separate from it amino acid

Water-fearing amino acids  Hydrophobic (phobia – fear)  “water fearing” amino acids  try to get away from water in cell – but HOW?  the protein folds!

Water-Loving amino acids  Hydrophillic (phil – love)  “water loving” amino acids  try to stay in water in cell  the protein folds!

pepsin 3-D protein structure Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes – that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs collagen hemoglobin growth hormone

With Proteins… Its shape that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape – wrong shape = can’t do its job – unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) folded unfolded “denatured”

Protein Folding – SHAPE!

Any Questions?

Macromolecules and Indicators Carbohydrates – – Sugar - Benedicts Solution Solution will turn from blue to red-brown. – Starch – Iodine (IKI) Solution will turn from yellow to black. Lipids – Brown Paper Test Paper will have a “greasy” spot. Proteins – Biuret Test Solution will turn violet. Lab: Indicators

Discovery Lab: Biological Indicators Goal: To experience the techniques, solutions and effects of various common biological indicators. Materials: Unlabeled: Sugar/Starch Solution, Clear Vegetable Oil, Egg whites IKI soln Biuret Reagent Benedicts Soln Brown paper Labware.

Nucleic acids: Information molecules

Discovery Lab: Making Your Own DNA Necklace Goal: Introduce and Peak Curiosity about the structure of Nucleic Acids Materials: DNA Necklace Kit from Carolina Biological Time required: 1 class period?

Watson and Crick … and others…

Nucleic Acids Examples – DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid – RNA RiboNucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids are nucleotide chains – nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA – double-sided – double helix – A, C, G, T RNA – single-sided – A, C, G, U DNA RNA

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) proteins Functions: –g–genetic material stores information –G–Genes (on chromosomes) –b–blueprint for new cells –b–blueprint for next generation transfers information –b–blueprint for building proteins –D–DNA  RNA  protein

Nucleic acids Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U phosphate sugar Nitrogen base Deoxyribose or Ribose Nucleotide A = Adenine T = Thymine C = Cytosine G = Guanine U = Uracil A = Adenine T = Thymine C = Cytosine G = Guanine U = Uracil

C A G T Weak Hydrogen bonds A C T G strong bonds Structure of DNA 1:14 Why do we need weak bonds between the base pairs? 30.media.tumblr.com

DNA folding to make Chromosomes 2:21 What is the difference between DNA & Genes & Chromosomes? DNA folds into chromosomes. A gene is a section of a chromosome that controls the making of a specific protein. gene