Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 1 Elementary Statistics M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 2 Introduction To Statistics Chapter 1 M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman Overview 1-2 The Nature of Data 1-3* Uses and Abuses of Statistics 1-4Design of Experiments Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 4 Statistics Two Meanings  Actual numbers  Methods of analysis 1-1 Overview

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 5  Actual numbers numerical measurements determined by a set of data Statistics

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 6  Methods of analysis a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data Statistics

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 7  Population the complete collection of elements (scores, people, measurements, etc.) to be studied  Sample Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 8  Population the complete collection of elements (scores, people, measurements, etc.) to be studied  Sample a subset of a population Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 9 Definitions  Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 10  Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population population parameter Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 11 Definitions  Statistic a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 12 Definitions  Statistic a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample sample statistic

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 13 Population Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 14 PopulationParameter Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 15 PopulationParameter Sample Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 16 PopulationParameter SampleStatistic Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 17 PopulationParameter SampleStatistic Census Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 18  Quantitative data numbers representing counts or measurements  Qualitative (attribute) data nonnumeric data that can be separated into different categories The Nature of Data Definitions 1-2

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 19  Discrete data which results from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values 0, 1, 2, 3,... Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 20  Discrete data which results from either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values 0, 1, 2, 3,...  Continuous data which results from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such as way that there are no gaps or interruptions Definitions 3 4

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 21  Discrete - Countable Quantitative Data

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 22  Discrete - Countable  Continuous - Measurements with no gaps Quantitative Data

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 23  nominal level of measurement characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. Data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high) Definitions E.g. Blood types: O, A, B, AB Genders: Male & Female

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 24  ordinal level of measurement involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless Definitions E.g. Taste of food: bad, so-so, good, delicious Grades: A, B, C, D, F

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 25  interval level of measurement like the ordinal level, with the additional property that we can determine meaningful amounts of differences between data. However, there is no inherent (natural) zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present.) Definitions E.g. year 2000, temperature 96.2 F etc.

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 26  ratio level of measurement the interval level modified to include the inherent zero starting point where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present. For values at this level, differences and ratios are meaningful. Definitions E.g. weights of grains, heights of people

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 27 Levels of Measurement  Nominal - names only  Ordinal - names with some order  Interval - differences but no ‘zero’  Ratio - differences and a ‘zero’

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 28 Levels of Measurement  Nominal - names only  Ordinal - names with some order  Interval - differences but no ‘zero’  Ratio - differences and a ‘zero’

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 29 Design of Experiments Section 1-4 M A R I O F. T R I O L A Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 30 Steps for Designing an Experiment 1. Identify the exact question and exact population 2.Develop a plan for collecting data that is representative of the population 3.Collect data minimizing errors that result in biased data 4.Analyze the data and draw conclusions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 31   Observational Study Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 32   Observational Study observing and measuring specific characteristics Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 33   Experiment Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 34   Experiment application of some treatment and then observe its effects on the subject Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 35   Experiment application of some treatment and then observe its effects on the subject Definitions Treatment Group

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 36   Experiment application of some treatment and then observe its effects on the subject Definitions Treatment Group Control Group E.g. Drug v.s. placebo

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 37 Designing an Experiment  Experimental units (blocks)  Completely randomized design  Rigorously controlled design  Replication Study the text book Section 1-4 for the details

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 38   Confounding Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 39   Confounding effects from two or more variables that cannot be distinguished from each other Definitions

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 40 Data carelessly collected may be so completely useless that no amount of statistical torturing can salvage them.

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 41 Random Sampling - selection so that each has an equal chance of being selected

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 42 Stratified Sampling - subdivide population and draw sample from each stratum

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 43 Every K th element Systematic Sampling

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 44 Cluster Sampling - divide into sections; choose a few of those sections; choose all from selected sections

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 45 Hey! Do you believe in the death penalty? Convenience Sampling - use readily available results

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 46  Random  Stratified  Systematic  Cluster  Convenience Methods of Sampling

Copyright © 1998, Triola, Elementary Statistics Addison Wesley Longman 47  Sampling Error the difference between a sample result and the true population result due to chance sample fluctuations  Non-sampling Error sample data that is incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed Definitions