In the early 1900s the people of Europe had enjoyed relative peace. At the same time, forces were pushing the continent toward war. These forces were nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and alliance systems. Explain why each of these forces could be a contributing factor to war.

militarism propaganda Bosnia neutral Archduke Ferdinand armistice Central Powers reparation Allied Powers trench warfare total war

Europe in 1914

 Militarism: glorification of military power; led to fear and suspicion  Nationalism: loyalty to country; countries wanted to regain leading positions in the world  Imperialism and Economic Rivalry: competition for colonies especially in Africa; Britain and Germany competed industrially  Alliance systems: tensions and suspicions led countries to form alliances; nations agreed to defend each other in case of attack  Decline of the Ottoman empire: competition to fill the power vacuum emerged (Why would this be considered a factor?)

Economic & Imperial Rivalries Nations competed for colonies in Africa; Britain and Germany competed industrially

Militarism & Arms Race Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73% Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. This development led to fear and suspicions as nations were more willing to use force. What economic impact would the arms race have on the economy of these countries?

The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Britain, France, Russia Germany, Austria-Hungary; Italy

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe An example of nationalism – Russia tried to rally all Slavs together.

 No surprising, World War I began in the Balkans. Although many Serbs lived in Bosnia, it was still ruled by the Austria- Hungarian empire. Serb nationalists felt that Bosnia belonged to Serbia.  What ideology played a role in this situation? How do you know?

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

 After the assassination, the major nations of Europe responded. Each hostile action led to another hostile action. 1. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia. 2. Serbia refused to comply with any of the demands. 3. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July Russia, a Slavic nation and a friend of Serbia, mobilized for war. 5. Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. 6. Germany declared war on Russia. 7. Germany invaded Belgium. 8. Britain declared on Germany.

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman empire (Bulgaria) Allied Powers: Britain, France, and Russia. Italy and U.S.A joined later.

Example of total war

French Women Factory Workers Total war Explain the concept of total war.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Financing the War propaganda

American Poster What are some impacts of propaganda?

German Poster Think of Your Children! propaganda

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

A Multi-Front War

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming! The U.S. Joins the Allied Powers

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

Americans in the Trenches

New Technologies

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

The Zeppelin

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties More than 8.5 million died More than 17 million wounded Disease was widespread in many regions