Молекула жизни Значение ДНК так велико, что никакое знание о ней не будет полным. Ф. Крик The importance of DNA is so great that any knowledge about it won’t be essential F. Crick

Molecular Biology April 1953 made a start in the development of so-called Molecular Biology April 1953 made a start in the development of so-called Molecular Biology

Genetics  Gregor Mendel is considered to be the father of Modern Genetics  The new science got its name only in 1905  The name was coined from a Greek word ‘genesis” (“origin”) by William Bateson  Mendel himself used another Greek word— ”genno” that means “to give birth”

Genetics Genetics, a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms Genetics, a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms

Gregor Mendel A Moravian monk and scientist Studied the nature of inheritance in plants, published his work on pea plants in 1865 His work was not recognized until the turn of the 20 th century 1822—1884 Father of Modern Genetics

Features of inheritance Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws A Punnet square depicting a cross between two peas plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms

Mendel’s First Law or the Law of Segregation  Mendel studied the segregation of heritable traits in pea plants  He was studying the trait for flower color.  Mendel noticed that the flowers of each pea were either purple or white, but never an intermediate between the two colours  These observation of discrete inheritance and segregation are known as Mendel’s first law or the Law of Segregation

Define what is what? 1. Nucleotides e) Molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA

2. Variation g) biodiversity, genetic diversity, difference within species

3. Evolution j) The change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations

4. Mendelian inheritance i) A set of primary tenets relating to the transmission of heredity characteristics from parent organisms to their offsprings

5. Chromosome a) An organized building of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. They also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its function

6. Genome f) In modern molecular biology and genetics, it is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary information

7. Heredity c) The passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism

8. Mutation h) A change in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell’s genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. This process is caused by radiation, viruses, and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors during DNA replication

9. Molecular genetics b) The field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. The field studies how the genes are transferred from generation to generation

10. RNA—Ribonucleic acid d) A biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. It is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details

A Swiss Physician and biologist discovery of nucleic acid isolated various phosphates—rich chemicals, paving the way for the identification of DNA as the carrier of inheritance published his work, which later helped to denote the chemical structure of DNA Johan Friedrich Mescher 1844—1895

Oswald Avery American physician and medical researcher the first molecular biologist, a pioneer in immunochemistry 1944—discovered that DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made made fundamental contribution to molecular biology and medicine received a Nobel Prize 1877—1955

William Astbury (1898—1961) An English physicist and molecular biologist Made pioneering X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules Studied the structure for DNA 1937—made the first step in the elucidation of DNA structure

Erwin Chargaff Discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the DOUBLE HELIX structure of DNA 1905—2002

Rosalind Franklin British biophysicist, physicist, chemist, biologist X-ray crystallographer, Is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA 1920—1958

1916—2004 Maurice Wilkins British molecular biologist Nobel Laureate Research in the fields of phosphorescence, radar, isotope separation, X-ray diffraction 1962—Nobel Prize for Medicine for the discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material

Monument to Maurice Wilkins New Zealand, Pongaroa, Main Street Monument to Maurice Wilkins in the town where he spent his childhood

Francis Crick (1916—2004) British molecular biologist, physicist, and neuroscientist one of the co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule together with James D. Watson jointly awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine together with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins Played a great role in research on the genetic code Summarized an idea that genetic information flows in cells one way from DNA to RNA to protein

Ф. Крик Дж. Уотсон

James D. Watson American biologist jointly awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine together with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins

Developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used all over the world to help police detective work Developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used all over the world to help police detective work Alec Jeffreys British geneticist

Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individual’s cell and biological tissues to treat disease, such as cancer where mutant alleles are replaced with functional ones. Although the technology is still in its infancy, it has been used with some success.

DNA, the molecular basis for inheritance Единая, незаменимая Хранит, передает, изменяет Делает нас всех разными. Суть живого *** Главная, незаменимая Влияет, определяет, содержит Допускает появление новых признаков Молекула жизни