11/22/13 Starter: A crime happened on campus the other day and no one can figure out who did it. How might the police determine the perpetrator of this crime? What is the name for the process that forensic scientists might use to match the DNA of suspects to DNA found at a crime scene? Practice: Notes 11/22/13 RNA Notes Application/Connection: RNA translation Ws and questions Exit: How could changing one codon in a sequence affect an organism? How could changing one codon in a sequence affect an organism? 12/10/14

December 10, 2014 AGENDA B.5 A. Students will Describe the stages of the cell cycle, including mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms by reading and writing during an activity. 1 Starter 2. Activity

Date Lecture/ Activity/ Lab Page 11/20 DNA Model /21 DNA Writing /1 DNA Replication Activity /2 DNA Replication Model /3 Cell Cycle Notes /4 Cell Cycle Lab /5 Cell Cycle Writing /8 Cell Cycle Activity /10 RNA Notes Table of Contents 11/19 DNA notes 97-98

RNA

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins Proteins are made chromosomes and used in the body to build and repair cells. The production of proteins is called protein synthesis. Proteins are long molecules that are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins There are 20 different amino acids that join together to form proteins. The job of DNA is to control the order in which these 20 amino acids are put together. Eight are essential for the production of proteins.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins These amino acids are: 1.Tryptophan5. Tyrosine 2.Cysteine6. Leucine 3.Valine 7. Isoleucine 4.Threonine 8. Lysine In infants there is also 1 additional and that is histidine.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell on the ribosomes. Since chromosomes are found only in the nucleus of a cell, DNA needs a messenger is to carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm outside. RNA is the messenger used to carry the genetic information to the cytoplasm.

Translation Translation Taking the Code of DNA and making a protein. Taking the Code of DNA and making a protein. Occurs at the ribosomes were proteins are made from Amino Acids. Occurs at the ribosomes were proteins are made from Amino Acids. Transcription Transcription Rewriting of the DNA Rewriting of the DNA DNA can NEVER leave the nucleus. DNA can NEVER leave the nucleus. Occurs in the nucleus Occurs in the nucleus Think of it as copying hieroglyphics off the walls of caves. Think of it as copying hieroglyphics off the walls of caves. II. Protein Synthesis

The Big Picture

III. Transcription A. Messenger RNA or mRNA - carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

B. Transfer RNA or tRNA - Carries amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein. B. Transfer RNA or tRNA - Carries amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein.

VI. TRANSLATION 1. The process by which DNA is translated into an amino acid sequence. 2. mRNA attaches itself to a Ribosome.

TRANSLATION 3. As the tRNA comes in, the amino acids form a chain which is held together by peptide bonds to form a protein. 4. The protein then goes off into the cell to either work, build or repair the body.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins RNA, unlike DNA, is not a double helix. It is a single side of this helix and looks like half a ladder. RNA also contains a different sugar base ( 5 carbon ribose) and different nitrogen base.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins Recall that in DNA, the four nitrogen bases are cytosine, adenine, guanine, and thymine. RNA also contains the nitrogen bases cytosine, adenine, and guanine but in stead of thymine it has uracil.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins Comparison DNA RNA Cytosine Cytosine DNA RNA Cytosine Cytosine Adenine Adenine Guanine Guanine Thymine Uracil Thymine Uracil A=T; C=G A=T; C=G A=T; C=G A=T; C=G T=A; G=C T=A; A=U T=A; G=C T=A; A=U

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins DNA TRANSLATION by RNA 1. First, a strand of DNA unzips. 2. The DNA molecule tells RNA where to start producing protein. 3. Cytosine will joins with guanine; adenine will joins with uracil. 4. Genetic code from DNA is transferred to the RNA. 5. mRNA quickly separates 6. mRNA carries the information into the cytoplasm.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins Genetic information is transferred from DNA to the RNA in three-letter code words. Each of code words consist of 3 nitrogen bases. There are 64 possible three-letter code words. Each codon codes for a particular amino acid that will be added to a long growing protein chain. There are 4 codes that work to start and stop the production of a protein.

How Chromosomes Produce Proteins They are: They are: AUG which means “start” producing protein AUG which means “start” producing protein UAA, UAG, or UGA which all mean “stop” producing protein. UAA, UAG, or UGA which all mean “stop” producing protein.

So, if you have a strand that has UUC, then by reading the chart, you would get a codon of Phe. What would you get if your RNA strand read AUG?

11/22/13 Starter: A crime happened on campus the other day and no one can figure out who did it. How might the police determine the perpetrator of this crime? What is the name for the process that forensic scientists might use to match the DNA of suspects to DNA found at a crime scene? Practice: Notes 11/22/13 RNA Notes Application/Connection: RNA translation Ws and questions Exit: How could changing one codon in a sequence affect an organism? How could changing one codon in a sequence affect an organism? 12/10/14