© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns Only those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly. (R. Kennedy)

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers In this chapter you will learn how to: Identify patterns of organization:  Definition  Classification  Order or Sequence  Cause and Effect  Comparison and Contrast  Listing/Enumeration

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Patterns  Patterns help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading.  Patterns help you remember and recall what you read.  Patterns are useful in your writing; they help you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form.

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Definition Explains the meaning of a word or phrase. Transitions:  Deficit is another term that…  Genetics is…  Aggression can be defined as…  Balance of power also means...

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Classification Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics. Transitions:  There are several kinds of chemical bonding...  There are numerous types of…  Reproduction can be classified as…  The human skeleton is composed of...

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Order or Sequence Describes events, processes, and procedures. –Chronology –Process –Order of Importance –Spatial Order

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chronological Order Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time. Transitions:  In ancient times…  At the start of the battle…  On September 12…  The first primate species…  Later efforts...

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Process Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished.  Transition words are similar to those used for chronological order.

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Order of Importance  Expresses order of priority or preference.  Ideas are arranged from most to least important or from least to most important. Transitions:  Is less essential than…  More revealing is…  Of primary interest is…

Order of Importance Example  The Supreme Court is the highest court in both the federal and state system. The Supreme Court hears a limited number of cases, which generally involve important questions about the Constitution or federal law.  The next level down from the Supreme Court is the 12 Regional Circuits (and 1 for the federal Circuit) in the U.S. Massachusetts is © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

p. 2  in the First Circuit, along with Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire and Puerto Rico.  Below the Regional Circuit are the magistrate judges, who are appointed by the district court for eight-year terms. Their role is to conduct most of the initial proceedings in criminal cases; conduct some trials; and prepare the district court judges' cases for trials.  © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Spatial Order Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space. Transitions:  the left side of the brain…  the lower portion…  the outer covering…  beneath the surface…

U-Review 1. Definition 2. Classification 3. Time Order (chronological order) 4. Process 5. Order of Importance 6. Space Order (spatial) © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Cause and Effect Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another. Transitions:  Stress causes…  Aggression creates…  Depression leads to…  Avoidance results in…  Life changes produce...

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison and Contrast Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons. Transitions:  Frost differs from…  Unlike Whitman, Frost…  Frost is as powerful as…  Both Frost and Whitman...

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Listing/Enumeration Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories. Transitions:  One aspect of relativity…  A second feature of relativity…  There are several characteristics of relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)…

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Mixed Patterns Organizational patterns are often combined.  Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. (cause and effect/definition)

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Statement & Clarification Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow.  Transitions: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Summary Indicates that a condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow.  Transitions: in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Generalization and Example Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement.  Transitions: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate, thus

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Addition Indicates that additional information will follow.  Transitions: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again

Illustration (Example  Gives specific examples of a term or concept.  Groupthink has occurred in military decisions; for example, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, no one on the President’s council expressed an attitude that Cuba should not be invaded. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Illustration/ Example  Transitions:  To illustrate  For example  Such as  including © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

U-Review  Cause & Effect  Compare & Contrast  Listing  Statement & Clarification  Summary  Generalization & Example  Addition © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

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