The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

Causes of the War of 1812 British kept seizing American merchant ships headed for France. British were largely unaffected by the Embargo Act of American sailors were being forced to serve in the British navy. Western and southern “War Hawks,” interested in expanding into British Canada and Spanish Florida, urged war. (Henry Clay and John Calhoun) The war divided Americans and was not supported by all.

Highlights of the War of 1812 British invade New York Battle of Lake Champlain Burning of the White House - August 1813 Battle of New Orleans

Results of the War of 1812 The war reinforced the American belief that a policy of neutrality regarding European affairs was justified. Native American tribes in the West lost their ally, Britain, and were much less able to stand up to American expansion. American manufacturing began to grow, particularly in New England, when the Unites States was cut off from European imports. Opposing the war weakened the Federalist Party, which soon ceased to be a major factor in national politics. In Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison, the nation gained new war heroes. “The Star Spangled Banner” was inspired by the bombardment of Fort McHenry.

The Treaty of Ghent Signed on December 24, 1814 Armistice: acknowledged a draw and ignored the demands of both sides British originally wanted a neutral Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes region, control of the Great lakes, and part of Maine. Americans refused the demands of the British. Relationship returned to same state it had been prior to the war.

The Hartford Convention MA, CT, NH, VT, and RI met secretly from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815 Secession discussed, but most wanted money from government for lost trade Asked for a 2/3 majority for all embargoes, except during invasion Convention ended up being the death of the Federalist Party Almost seemed treasonous after the win in New Orleans

Nationalism Spirit of national consciousness Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper became popular American landscape artists and American history books became popular Revived Bank of the United States Beautiful national capital

The American System British competition flooded the American market with cheap goods, Work of Henry Clay Develop a home market Protective Tariff of 1816 Strong banking system in order to provide easy credit Network of roads and canals to be built in the Ohio River Valley

Era of Good Feelings? Monroe elected in 1816 (one party rule) Connected the old generation with the new Did not involve fighting between the major political parties But sectionalism was increasing and the slavery issue was becoming more important

Panic of 1819 What is a “panic?” Caused by overspeculation in land prices, especially in the west Bank of the United States was heavily in debt Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons Provided the foundation for Jacksonian Democracy

Growth in the West Nine states joined the original 13 between 1791 and 1819 “Ohio Fever” Cumberland Road and the steam ship Land Act of 1820: 80 acres could be purchased for $1.25 per acre Southern view: Northerners were unfriendly, greedy, and too ambitious Northern view; Southerners were uneducated, uncivilized, and had no desire for self-improvement

Missouri Compromise and Issue of Slavery Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state. All states north of the 36 th parallel would be free. Monroe looked like he was doomed during his first administration, but easily won re-election due to his popularity and the weakness of the Federalist party Only put off the inevitable

John Marshall extends Nationalism to the Judiciary McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1818) Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Legislative grant was a contract and the state could not interfere Protecting private property against public pressure Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Right of the Supreme Court to review state Supreme Court decisions in matters relating to the federal government

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Jackson swept into Florida Hanged two Indians and Two Brits 1819: Florida to the U.S. Treaty of 1818 Britain and U.S. would jointly share the Oregon Territory England was just too far away, giving Americans a chance to colonize

The Monroe Doctrine Written by the Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams Two basic features Non-colonization Non-intervention

Evaluation of the Monroe Doctrine European monarchs angered Latin American countries believed it was more to protect the U.S., not them Little impact at first Used later as the U.S. became more powerful