Junior Cert Revision

States of Matter SolidLiquidGas Own Shape Shape of container Fills container No FlowFlows Can be compressed

1. Fill the overflow can with water to a point above the spout. Wait until the water stops dripping from the spout. 2. Now place a dry measuring cylinder underneath the spout. 3. Gently lower the stone into the overflow can. 4. Note the volume of the displaced water in the measuring cylinder, this is the volume of the stone.

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Mrs Gren

Cells Animal Plant Nucleus Vacuole Cell Wall Chloroplasts -contain Chlorophyll for photosynthesis Cell Membrane

Cells Unit of any organism nerve cell muscle cells blood cells bone cells

Tissues Cells that have the same structure and function form tissues… Cells in tissues are usually joined together phloem xylem

Organs Tissues can be organised into groups to form organs, each organ has a particular function

Systems organs, tissues and cells can be organised into systems that carry out major functions in the organism eg: Reproductive system, Nervous system, Digestive System, Circulatory system…

Groups All in the same group have the same properties Group 8 Noble Gases Non- reactive Glow with electricity

Groups All elements in the same group have the same properties Group 8 Noble Gases Non- reactive Glow with electricity Group 7 Halogens Poisonous Gases Cleans Water Group 2 Alkali Earth Metals Less reactive Group 1 Alkali Metals Very reactive

Properties of Metals Non-metals are mostly gases and liquids and most do not conduct electricity. Dull and brittle. Metals are mostly Solids and conduct electricity. Shiny and hard. Mix 2 together and form an ALLOY.

Nuclear Light Sound Chemical Potential Kinetic Heat Solar Electrical

Chemical  Heat  Kinetic + Light + Sound

Food Groups Proteins Vitamins Minerals Fats and Oils Carbohydrates

Potatoes and Sugars Also fibre (Called roughage-to make you gooooooooo!) Used for energy

Test for Starch Blue-black colour appears Solution Containing Starch Add Iodine solution

Test for Glucose Orange colour appears Solution Containing Reducing Sugar Benedict’s solution Heat it up

Proteins Meat, Eggs, Cheese and Beans. Used to repair the body and grow new cells.

Test for Protein Violet Colour Solution Containing Protein Sodium Hydroxide Dilute Copper (II) Sulphate Solution

Fats and Oils Converted to energy Also used for insulation Homer’s Brown paper test Food Clear patch on brown paper proves food contains oils

Digestion -Breaking food down into smaller pieces Teeth begin process of breaking down food Food Long chains of sugar called Starch Saliva contains an ENZYME AMYLASE Shorter sugars that start to be digested

Starch+Saliva Solution Benedict’s solution Heat it up Add Iodine solution Proves starch has turned to sugar To investigate the action of the digestive enzyme (amylase) on starch

5 Stages of Nutrition Ingestion-Eating Digestion-Breaking up Absorption-Into body at small intestine Assimilation-Used by the cells Egestion-Pushed out

Percentage of Oxygen When we cover the candle the oxygen is used up – the water rises to fill the gap We measure the rise and find it’s around 21% Candle Water Gas Jar

Oxygen Catalyst speeds up reaction but is not used up – Manganese Dioxide Oxygen does not dissolve in the water

Test for Oxygen Relights a glowing splint

Very Bright Flame White Powder remains- Magnesium Oxide Burning Magnesium in Oxygen Add water and Red Litmus paper turns Blue colour proves liquid is a BASE

The Respiratory System Ribs – to protect the chest Bronchioles Bronchi Trachea – has stiff rings of cartilage to prevent it collapsing Rib muscles – to raise and lower the ribs Lung Diaphragm – muscular sheet Alveoli (“air sacs”) – gas exchange takes place here

Gas Exchange Small sacs in the lungs are surrounded by capillaries. It is in these ALVEOLI that oxygen enters our blood and the co 2 leaves Alveoli are very good at exchanging gases because… 1)They have a LARGE surface area 2)They very thin walls

Respiration Words – breathing, energy, Mrs Gren, respiration, food A while ago we learnt about ___ ______. Each of these life processes needs ENERGY. ___________ is the process our bodies use to produce this energy: Glucose + Oxygen Water + Carbon Dioxide + ENERGY The glucose we need comes from ______ and the oxygen from _________. Water and carbon dioxide are breathed out. The MAIN product of this equation is _________.

Summary MixtureCompound Two or more elements mingled together Elements chemically bonded together Can be separatedVery hard to separate Same properties as parts New properties of it’s own

Monomers small molecules that can be joined together. Polymer is a large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules Plastics

Physical Change Nothing new made Easy to reverse Example Melting Ice

Chemical Change In this type of change a new substance is produced It is hard to reverse Example Burning of wood

Separations DistillationFiltration Chromatography Rock SaltDecantingMagneticSieving

Can you remember? What are those three functions of a skeleton? Support Protection Movement Hold us upright Ribs protect the lungs heart etc Anchor for the muscles

Contract the Bicep bone pulled upward triceps relaxes

A Synovial Joints Bone Ligaments hold the bone together Cartilage protects end of bone Synovial fluid stops ware Capsule Membrane

Connective Tissue Tendon Muscle to bone Ligament bone connected to bone Cartilage protects end of bone

Acid Rain Acid rain damages trees and buildings and can harm wildlife. What causes it? Sulphur dioxide from volcanoes Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide from power stations Oxides of nitrogen S O O H H O S O O H H O Sulphur dioxide + water sulphurous acid