Smokestacks from factory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (about 1890s). NEXT An Industrial Society, 1860–1914 The growth of industry and big business changes the nation.

NEXT SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 The Growth of Industry Railroads Transform the Nation The Rise of Big Business Workers Organize An Industrial Society, 1860–1914

NEXT Section 1 The Growth of Industry The growth of industry during the years 1860 to 1914 transforms life in America.

The Industrial Revolution Continues NEXT The Growth of Industry Drilling for petroleum (oily liquid) spurs oil industry 1 SECTION Several factors cause industry, factory production to spread in U.S.: -plentiful natural resources - growing population - improved transportation Continued... Chart

NEXT 1 SECTION Several factors cause industry, factory production to spread in U.S.: - high immigration - new inventions - investment capital -government assistance continued The Industrial Revolution Continues

NEXT 1 SECTION Business cycle—period of good, bad times for industry, business U.S. experiences harsh depressions in 1873, 1893 During bad times, called busts, people spend, invest less During good times, called booms, people buy, invest more The Business Cycle Despite depressions, U.S. industry grows (1860– 1900) Chart

Steel: The Backbone of Industry NEXT 1 SECTION Bessemer steel process—new steel-making method, uses less coal Cuts cost of steel, U.S. steel output increases 500 times (1867–1900) Begin making many products, including rails for railroads, from steel

Edison and Electricity NEXT 1 SECTION Generators—machines that produce electric current Makes safe, steady light bulb, soon part of NYC has electric lighting Receives over 1,000 U.S. patents Thomas Edison opens lab (1876) invents devices that use electricity Image

Bell and the Telephone NEXT 1 SECTION Samuel Morse develops the telegraph (1835) Shows telephone in Philadelphia at Centennial Exhibition, June (1876) Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone (1876) Centennial Exhibition—exhibition celebrates 100th birthday of U.S. Image

Inventions Change Industry NEXT 1 SECTION Telephone industry grows, 50,000 telephones sold by 1880 Christopher Latham Sholes invents first practical typewriter (1867) Switchboard allows more people to connect into telephone networks Elias Howe invents sewing machine, increases store-bought clothes Granville T. Woods patents devices to improve telephone, telegraph Margaret Knight invents machines for packaging, shoemaking Image

NEXT The railroads tie the nation together, speeds industrial growth, and changes U.S. life. Section 2 Railroads Transform the Nation

Deciding to Span the Continent NEXT 2 SECTION U.S. wants transcontinental railroad—spans entire continent Union Pacific lays first rail, July (1865) Railroad companies sell land given to them by government, raise money Two companies build transcontinental railroad: -Central Pacific builds railroad east from California -Union Pacific builds railroad west from Nebraska Railroads Transform the Nation

Building the Railroad NEXT 2 SECTION Central Pacific hires thousands of Chinese to work railroad Union Pacific hires mostly former soldiers, freed slaves, immigrants Chinese are efficient, hard working, fearless, healthy

Railroads Tie the Nation Together NEXT 2 SECTION Central Pacific workers lay 690 miles of track Union Pacific-Central Pacific line 1st transcontinental railroad Central Pacific, Union Pacific railroads join (May 10, 1869) Union Pacific workers lay 1,086 miles of track By 1895, 4 more U.S. lines are built across the country Image

Railroad Time NEXT 2 SECTION Before railroads, each community determines its own time Congress adopts standard time in 1918 Problematic for people traveling by train across time zones Use “solar time” based on calculations about sun’s travels Railroad companies set up standard time—divides U.S. into 4 time zones Map

Economic and Social Changes NEXT 2 SECTION Railroads change people’s lives in many ways: - links the economies of the West and East - help people settle the West - weakens the Native American hold on the West - gives people more control of the environment

NEXT Business leaders guide industrial expansion and create new ways of doing business. Section 3 The Rise of Big Business

The Growth of Corporations NEXT 3 SECTION Corporation—investors own part of business through shares of stock The Rise of Big Business A corporation has many advantages over privately owned businesses: -raise a lot of money by selling stock -has special legal status, banks more likely to loan money -limits risks to investors Few U.S. laws regulate corporations, a few big corporations dominate

The Oil and Steel Industries NEXT 3 SECTION John D. Rockefeller dominates the oil industry Andrew Carnegie controls the steel industry Rockefeller creates monopoly—wipes out competitors, controls industry Creates trust—legal body, has stock in companies, often in 1 industry Trusts formed in other industries, government slow to regulate Rockefeller seen as robber baron—dishonest business leader Continued... Map

NEXT 3 SECTION Andrew Carnegie beats competition by making better, cheaper steel Rockefeller, Carnegie are philanthropists—give much money to charities Buys mines that supply his iron ore, buys ships, railroads that ship ore continued The Oil and Steel Industries

The Gilded Age NEXT 3 SECTION Success of multimillionaires makes others believe they can grow rich For rich, late 1800s was a time of fabulous wealth In reality, most people who make millions start with advantages Horatio Alger writes stories about poor boys becoming successful Writers name era the Gilded Age: -age has surface glimmer of wealth -hides societies’ problems

The South Remains Agricultural NEXT 3 SECTION In South, industry grows in certain areas South remains mostly agricultural, often land rented to sharecroppers Birmingham, Alabama, develops iron, steel production Sharecroppers make little money, struggle to break free of debt Cotton mills open from southern Virginia to Alabama

NEXT Section 4 Workers Organize To increase their ability to bargain with management, workers formed labor unions.

Workers Face Hardships NEXT 4 SECTION Workers Organize Use sweatshops—places where workers labor long hours, low pay Factory, sweatshop work boring, barely earn enough to pay debts Business owners run factories as cheaply as possible: -some require workers to buy own tools, bring coal to heat factories -others refuse to buy safety equipment Labor unions—groups of workers negotiate for better conditions, pay Image

NEXT 4 SECTION Knights of Labor—federation of workers from different trades Early Unions West Virginia railroad workers strike with no union (1877) U.S. has economic depression (1873), many workers take pay cuts Workers in many cities, other industries join strike, mob violence Strike ends in 2 weeks, workers take pay cuts Railroad workers, Knights of Labor strike (1884–1885), win

Union Setbacks NEXT 4 SECTION Socialism—all members of society are equal owners of all businesses Try to break unions, hire strikebreakers, replace striking union members Business, government fear unions spread socialism, anarchy Anarchists—want to abolish all governments Haymarket affair—union leaders, police clash, several are killed Many union leaders, socialists, anarchists are arrested Image

The Homestead and Pullman Strikes NEXT 4 SECTION Andrew Carnegie reduces pay in steel mills, Homestead, Pennsylvania Union president Eugene V. Debs starts Pullman Strike Pullman Company cuts pay, does not reduce rent for workers’ housing Union workers strike, fight with guards, 10 dead, strike collapses Pullman Strike—workers do not handle Pullman cars Rail traffic halts, U.S. troops end strike, Debs is jailed Image

Gompers Founds the AFL NEXT 4 SECTION Procter & Gamble gives workers more time off, starts profit-sharing Organization of unions is called American Federation of Labor (AFL) Union leader Samuel Gompers helps start organization of unions (1886) Using strikes, negotiations, AFL wins better working hours, pay

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