Western Frontier Changes and A New Industrial Age Chapters 13, 14 & 15

“ The buffalo was like a moving department store”

What did the Native Americans use it for? Food Clothing Shelter Tools It was a religious symbol

“ Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone ”.

“Americanize” the Native Americans (broke up reservation system) Split their reservations and distributed land to individual Natives. In the end, however, whites had taken 2/3 of the land. It failed. Dawes Act 1887

Gold / silver (mining) Farming Cattle Why did white settlers come west?

What is a cowboy?

Audie Murphy

John Wayne

Clint Eastwood

The real cowboys… The American cowboy borrowed almost everything from the vaquero in Mexico. They made their living off of the longhorn from southern Spain.

The railroads made the cattle industry boom by delivering beef to the east. Joseph McCoy began driving cattle up to the railroads in Abilene, KS from Texas in

Why did the Open Range end in 1887? Overgrazing Bad weather ( ) Barbed wire (Glidden) turned the Open Range into fenced-in ranches.

Farming and the Populist Movement Homestead Act 160 acres 600,000 families Exodusters

Given land grants –Transcontinental railroad Great deal on land Railroads

Struggles on the frontier Loneliness Weather Indians Lack of trees Economic problems (bad crops, railroad prices, etc)

How did farmers adapt & survive? Sod houses Self-sufficiency New farming tools (plow, reaper, barbed wire, steel windmill, etc) Education (Morrill Act) Organized into the Populist Party

Populism Gave farmers a voice and addressed economic problems like… –Falling prices –Running out of good land –Inability to make loan payments –Getting ripped off by the railroads – wanted federal government to control rates

The Populist Party “Peoples’ Party” Formed in 1892 as a national party It was important for all of these dispersed people to come together and be heard. Successfully fought for reforms to help farmers This party laid the foundation for the modern-day Democratic Party

Silver vs. Gold Southern Democrats & Populists wanted silver to help cause inflation – more $ and higher prices for crops These are mainly farmers and laborers Northern Republicans wanted gold backed dollars – less $, lower prices and loans get paid back in stable money These are mainly bankers and businessmen

The Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum

Who / what in the story represents…. The “everyday man”? Dorothy The farmer? The Scarecrow The factory worker? The Tin Man The typical politician? The Wizard of Oz Washington, D.C.? Oz The destructive forces of nature (droughts, etc)? The Wicked Witch of the West The Gold Standard? The Yellow Brick Road

Election of 1896 Key issue: gold v. silver W. McKinley (R) supported gold W. J. Bryan (D) & (P) supported silver and gold (bimetallism) McKinley won the election and Populism was defeated. It wouldn’t return but it left it’s mark… It gave the little man a voice and paved the way for the reform movement of the 20 th century.

Industry Expands – Why? Natural Resources –Oil Kerosene Gasoline –Coal & Iron Bessemer Process – steel from iron New Inventions –Thomas Edison –Alexander Graham Bell

Industry Expands (cont.) Railroads – 1869 complete first transcontinental railroad –POSITIVE IMPACT Easier to travel Helped industry grow Trade among cities increases Communities grow –NEGATIVE IMPACT Attracts corruption Hold farmers hostage

Big Business and Labor George Pullman –Palace cars –Pullman town

Big Business and Labor Andrew Carnegie – Steel Industry –Vertical integration –Horizontal integration –Social Darwinism John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Trust –Controlled 90% of oil industry –Robber baron –Monopoly –Trust

Labor Unions Born American Federation of Labor –Samuel Gompers –Use strikes to negotiate Haymarket Affair – Police response increases violence in this demonstration after a bomb explodes Homestead, PA – steel workers vs. Pinkerton detectives Pullman Company – federal troops break strike because U.S. mail isn’t able to be delivered.

Immigration PUSH –Escape religious persecution –Jobs scarce in homeland –Escape political unrest PULL –Seek to improve economic situation –Greater freedom

European immigrants –East Coast/Ellis Island Asian immigrants –West Coast/Angel Island Chinese Exclusion Act – banned entry Gentlemen’s Agreement – Japan agrees to limit immigrants to the U.S. Effects of Immigration –Melting pot – different cultures & races blending –Nativism – preference for native-born Americans

Urban Challenges Who moves to the cities? –Immigrants looking for work –Farm workers replaced by machines Negative effects –Shortage of housing –Transportation problems –Drinking water –Sanitation –Crime and fire Problem Solvers –Social Gospel movement –Settlement houses