Wind Power History 800 – 900 years ago in Europe 140 years ago, water-pumping wind mills 70 years ago, electric power 1400 – 1800 years ago, in the Middle East Drag Lift

HAWT - Upwind Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotor turns out of the wind) Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation

Southwest Windpower Flagstaff, Arizonawww.windenergy.com AIR-X 400 W Whisper W Whisper W Whisper kW

Bergey Windpower Norman, Oklahomawww.bergey.com BWC Excel 10 kW BWC XL.1 1 kW

Specifications Power Curve  Rotor Diameter: 8.2 ft (2.5 m)  Rotor Area: 53 ft2 (4.9 m2)  Rated Power: 1,000 W  Peak Power: ~1,800 W  Rated Wind Speed: 24.6 mph (11 m/s)  Rated Rotor Speed: 490 RPM  Start-up Wind Speed: 6.7 mph (3 m/s)  Cut-in Wind Speed: 5.6 mph (2.5 m/s)  Furling Wind Speed: 29 mph (13 m/s)  Cut-out Wind Speed: None  Max. Design Wind Speed: 120 mph (54 m/s)  Net Weight: 75 lbs (34 kgs)  Shipping Weight: 95 lbs (43 kgs)

Turbine Components

Technical Features  Super-strong Pultruded Blades  4 Times Stronger Than Carbon Reinforced Injection Molded Blades  Custom Airfoil – Efficient & Quiet  Special Noise Reducing Blade Treatments (trip strip and tip trim) 185 Lb Engineer (dead weight)

Technical Features  AutoFurl High Wind and Storm Protection  Exceptional Low Wind Speed Performance – Due to Airfoil & Micro-Processor Controlled Boost Circuit  20% Higher System Efficiency, Compared to the Competition  Turbine can be Safely Run Unloaded

XL.1 Installations

Value Package: 1 kW Remote. System XL.1 Turbine$2, ft Tilt-up Tower$1,090 (4) Trojan T-105 Batteries (5.3 kWh) $380 Xantrex DR1524 1,500 W Inverter $1,044 Total:$4,664

Value Package: 1.2 kW Hybrid.System XL.1 Turbine$2, ft Tilt-up Tower$1, W Tower Mounted Solar Array $1,460 (8) Trojan T-105 Batteries (10.6 kWh) $760 Xantrex DR1524 1,500 W Inverter $1,044 Total:$6,504

BWC Excel

BWC Excel-S BWC Excel-S America’s Leading Residential Wind Turbine  Rated at 10 kW  Over 800 Installed  ~ 80% Market Share in the 5 – 15 kW Size Range  Primary Turbine in the US- DOE Field Verification Program  Demonstrated to be the Most Reliable and Durable Small Wind Turbine on the Market  5 Year Warranty (Industry’s Longest)

Specifications Power Curve  Rotor Diameter: 20.2 ft (6.2 m)  Rotor Area: 320 ft2 (30.2 m2)  Rated Power: 10 kW (Grid), 7.5 kW (Battery)  Peak Power: ~11 W (Grid), ~ 8.5 kW(Battery)  Rated Wind Speed: 31 mph (14 m/s)  Rated Rotor Speed: 300 RPM  Start-up Wind Speed: 7.5 mph (3.4 m/s)  Cut-in Wind Speed: 7.5 mph (3.4 m/s)  Furling Wind Speed: 36 mph (16 m/s)  Cut-out Wind Speed: None  Max. Design Wind Speed: 120 mph (54 m/s)  Net Weight: 1,020 lbs (464 kgs)  Shipping Weight: 1,250 lbs (568 kgs)

Why Only 7.5 kW for the Excel-R ?  Voltage from a PM alternator will vary linearly with speed  Batteries can only operate over a limited voltage range  Therefore, without a boost converter, the system performance (alternator windings) must be optimized for either low wind performance or high wind performance  Low wind speed performance has a bigger effect on energy production and percent of time charging  The Excel’s optimized low wind performance reduces peak power

Advanced Blades  Super-strong Pultruded Blades  Much Stronger Than Molded Fiberglass or Wood Blades  New Custom Airfoil – Efficient & Quiet – No Pitch Weights  Special Noise Reducing Blade Treatments (tip trim) BWC is the Only Small Wind Turbine Company That Designs its own Airfoils New BWC SH 3052 Airfoil

Wide Tower Selection  Guyed Lattice, 60’ – 120’  Tilt-up Guyed Lattice, 60’ – 100’  Self-Supporting Lattice, 60’ – 120’  New Guyed Towers, Standard and Tilt-up, Designs Manufactured by BWC  Engineering Analyses

Value Package: 10 kW GridTek Excel-S Turbine, with GridTek 10 Inverter$22, ’ Guyed-Lattice Tower$6,900 Tower Wiring Kit$930 Total:$30,730

Value Package: 7.5 kW Home.Sure Excel-R/48 Turbine, with Power Center Option $20, ’ Guyed-Lattice Tower, with Wiring Kit$7,830 (40) Trojan L-16 Batteries (84 kWh)$9,000 (2) Xantrex SW kW Inverters (11 kW) $8,030 Total:$44,910

Abundant Renewable Energy Newberg, Oregon ARE kW Specifications: ARE442 Wind Turbines Rotor Diameter 7.2 meters (23.6 feet) Swept Area 41 m² (442 sq. ft.) Configuration 3-blade upwind with side furling Rated Power 10 kW Cut-in Wind Speed 2.5 m/s (6 mph) estimate Rated Wind Speed 11 m/s (25 mph) Alternator Neodymium magnet, 3-phase Voltage Options 48V, Grid-connect Tower-Top Weight 1,350 lbs. Grid-Connect System (without batteries) US$ 36,000 - Includes wind turbine w/ slip rings, two (2) SMA Windy Boy 6000U (6kW) inverters, voltage clamp, and diversion load - all with 5-year warranty

Abundant Renewable Energy Newberg, Oregon Specifications: ARE110 Wind Turbines Rotor Diameter 3.6 meters (11.8 feet) Swept Area 10.1 m² (110 sq. ft.) Configuration 3-blade up-wind with side furling Rated Power 2.5 kW Cut-in Wind Speed 2.5 m/s (6 mph) estimate Rated Wind Speed 11 m/s (25 mph) Alternator Neodymium magnet, 3-phase Voltage Options 48V, Grid-connect Tower-Top Weight 143 kg (315 lbs.) ARE kW Grid-Connect System (without batteries) US$ 11,500 - Includes wind turbine w/ slip rings, SMA Windy Boy 2500U (2.5kW) inverter, voltage clamp, and diversion load - all with 5-year warranty

Wind Turbine Industries, Inc. Prior Lake, Minnesotawww.windturbine.net Jacobs kW (also: 23-10, , 26-15, ) Estimated Annual output (kWh) WIND SPEED: Kilowatt Hrs

All outputs are based on Rayleigh Distribution, outputs will vary depending on tower height.

Fuhrländer Lorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island FL kW FL kW FL kW

Over-Speed Protection During High Winds Upward Furling: The rotor tilts back during high winds

Over-Speed Protection During High Winds Angle Governor: The rotor turns up and to one side

Over-Speed Protection During High Winds Side Furling: The rotor turns to one side under high winds

HAWT - Downwind Proven WT600 Configuration: 2 or 3 blades, no tail, blades face downwind Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics Over-Speed Protection: Zebedee Furl (blade coning), tip brakes, stall regulation Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation wind

Proven Engineering Products, Ltd. Scotland, United Kingdomwww.provenenergy.com WT W WT kW WT kW

Proven Blade Coning Flexible Zebedee hinge As RPM increases, blades are thrown outwards by centrifugal force Changes aerodynamic pitch year hinge life

VAWT – Drag & Lift Darrieus Configuration: Lift or Drag Drag: Anemometer, Savonius Lift: Darrieus, H-Darrieus Savonius Mother Earth News Anemometer

Savonius (S-rotor) Make from buckets, paddles, sails, and oil drums originated in Finland tsr ≈ 1 Can be useful for grinding grain, pumping water, and many other tasks …but are not good for generating electricity (low speed, high torque)

Darrieus Lift-Type Vertical-Axis Machines French engineer Georges Darrieus patented the design in 1931 Plus: generator on ground, yawing not required Minus: low to ground, low efficiency, not self- starting, vibration, high bearing forces Darrieus, curved blades H-Darrieus, straight blades

Darrieus/Savonius combo

Beech Mountain Turbines SWWP AirX 400W 33 kWh/mon SWWP Whisper H40 900W 155 kWh/mo Bergey XL W 185 kWh/mo African AWP W 362 kWh/mo SWWP Whisper W 697 kWh/mo Jacobs kW 3991 kWh/mo