History of doping in athletics University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Faculty of Pharmacy History of doping in athletics First author: Vlad Robert-Alexandru, Second author: Popescu Gabriel Cosmin Coordinator: Lecturer Hancu Gabriel, PhD

What does doping mean? Definition: “the use of a substance not normally present in the body or of any physiological agent when introduced in: - abnormal additional quantities; - abnormal route; - abnormal manner; Purpose: increasing the performance of that individual during the period of competition” (first definition of doping adopted in 1963 by the Council of Europe Committee for Out-of-School Education)

Athletics – King of sports Track and field

http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Other definitions for Doping - the occurrence of the following anti-doping rule violations: - presence of prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s sample; - use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or prohibited method; - refusal to submit to sample collection after notification as authorised in applicable anti-doping rules, or otherwise evade sample collection; - tampering with any part of doping control; - possession of a prohibited substance or prohibited method; - trafficking any prohibited substance or prohibited method; http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - UPDATED 05 SEPTEMBER 2013

Short history of doping Doping in modern sports Ancient History Doping was reported since the second half of the 19th Century. 1904 - St. Louis marathon, Tom Hicks collapsed, the Doctors proved strychnine and cognac intake before the race. 1928 - International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) became - 1st International Sport Federation to ban doping in track and field events. 1960s - Drug testing programs have been implemented 1967 - runner Dick Howard (heroin overdose) died. Greece – enhancing the performance using drugs necessary; Use of mushrooms; Roman Empire: feeding horses with various mixtures to make them run faster. http://www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/doping-in-general/history-of-doping.html - 19 APRIL 2014

The anti-doping initiatives The 1st anti-doping legislation -> France -1963; National and international authorities implemented anti-doping initiatives throughout the late 1960s and 1970s; In the 1970s, parallel to anabolic steroids use, the blood doping became quite popular; • 1983 introduction of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry allowed a more effective drug testing; The IOC banned blood doping as a prohibited method in 1986. November 10th 1999 - (WADA) Erythropoietin (EPO) - banned by the IOC in 1990. A detection test was applied for the first time at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. http://www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/doping-in-general/history-of-doping.html - 19 APRIL 2014

Prohibited substances S0. NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES Drugs withdrawn from the market: Sibutramine Designer substances: Tetrahydrogestrinone Drugs used in veterinary medicinal products S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS a. Exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) : 1-androstenediol, gestrinone. b. Endogenous AAS when administered exogenously: dihydrotestosterone, testosterone c. Other Anabolic Agents: tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol. S2. PEPTIDE HORMONES, GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents: Erythropoietin, darbepoetin Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males; Corticotrophins , Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 , S3. BETA-2 AGONISTS Salbutamol– 1600 μg /24h Formoterol- 54 μg/24h Clenbuterol S4. HORMONE AND METABOLIC MODULATORS Aromatase inhibitors : Aminoglutethimide, testolactone Metabolic modulators: Insulins, Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor S5. DIURETICS AND OTHER MASKING AGENTS Masking agents: Diuretics, plasma expanders : glycerol Diuretics: Acetazolamide, furosemide, indapamide

Prohibited substances S6. STIMULANTS a: Non-Specified Stimulants: amfepramone, norfenfluramine b: Specified Stimulants: Adrenaline , ephedrine , pseudoephedrine S7. NARCOTICS Buprenorphine, dextromoramide, fentanyl ; methadone, morphine, oxycodone; S8. CANNABINOIDS Natural : cannabis, hashish, marijuana Synthetic: tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabimimetics S9. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS Cortisone,hydrocortisone Prednisone, methylprednisolone Ref.: http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Prohibited list- updated on 14 FEB 2014

Prohibited methods M1. MANIPULATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS The administration of red blood cell products of any origin into the circulatory system. Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen M2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION Tampering in order to alter the integrity and validity of Samples collected during Doping Control Intravenous infusions and/or injections of more than 50 mL per 6 hour period M3. GENE DOPING The transfer of polymers of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues The use of normal or genetically modified cells. http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Prohibited list- updated on 14 FEB 2014

IAAF Historical Anti-Doping Statistics Year Doped athletes in and out of competition 2000 2910 2001 2915 2002 3018 2003 3393 2004 2998 2005 3404 2006 2914 2007 3277 2008 3497 2009 3680 2010 3706 2011 3704 2012 2814* *figure not including In-Competition tests conducted during the Games of the XXX-th Olympiad, London , Ref.: http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Testing statistics - updated 10 FEBRUARY 2014

IAAF Historical Anti-Doping Statistics

Doping Controls at IAAF World Athletics Championships, by year City Year Total tests Blood tests Positive Helsinki 1983 214 Rome 1987 196 1 Tokyo 1991 216 2 Stuttgart 1993 218 4 Goteborg 1995 275 Athens 1997 378 5 Seville 1999 298 Edmonton 2001 440 50 9 Paris 2003 460 55 2005 885 507 Osaka 2007 1132 531 Berlin 2009 1190 656 3 Daegu 2011 2296 1856 Moscow 2013 2589 1919 7 Ref.: http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Testing statistics - updated 10 FEBRUARY 2014

Numbers of doped athletes during World Athletic Championships

Romanian athletes caught on doping ANDREI Natalia, SILAI Ileana - anabolic steroids – 8 months ban – 1979; FIDATOV Elena – nandrolone – 2 year ban – 1998-2000; BOTEZAN Mihaela – chlorthalidon – 2 year ban, 2007-2009; POPESCU Liliana – EPO – 2 year ban, 2008-2010; ALESTAR Andrei – oxandrolone- 2 year ban, until 21 oct. 2014; BÎRCĂ Roxana – methasterone – 2 year ban – until 3 sept. 2015; CHIRIŢĂ Rodica – stanozolol – life ban – repeated offense; DUMBRĂVEAN Corina – EPO - refusal/tampering – life ban – repeated offense; MACOVEI Ilie Bogdan – hCG - 2 year ban – until 6 aug 2014; MAXIM Simona– evasion – 4 year ban – 7 aug 2017; VARGA Sebastian - metabolites of methandienone - 8 year ban – until 2 sep. 2017

World class athletes caught on doping Ben Johnson – 1988 stanozolol Katrin Krabbe – 1992 clenbuterol http://blogs.afp.com/correspondent/?post/25-years-on-Ben-Johnson-returns-to-Seoul-Olympic-stadium http://blogs.20minutos.es/quefuede/2013/07/01/que-fue-de-katrin-krabbe/

World class athletes caught on doping Marion Jones – 2006 EPO, THG (self – admitted) Tim Montgomery – 2004 HGH (human growth hormone) BALCO case The Clear http://www.isteroids.com/blog/tim-montgomery-finally-admits-he-took-steroids-and-hgh/ http://intuitiveathlete.blogspot.ro/2013/04/marion-jones-crossfit-fresh-start-in.html

World class athletes caught on doping Tyson Gay - 2013 Asafa Powell – 2013 oxilofrine http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/worlds-leading-sprinters-tyson-gay-and-asafa-powell-found-positive-in-doping-test-1373980413-1

Conclusions The fight against doping continues, even though the profile agencies will be a step before the new molecules which increase the concentration capacity or their physical skills; “Unfortunately” new molecules are discovered frequently; 90 % of the doping methods are well know, the only methods which could be a problem for antidoping agencies is gene doping which could represent a real challenge; “ Be a sport, don’t take enhancing drugs, may the best athlete win! “

Snail-Before doping

Snail, after doping That snail is so damn good!!! Catch me if you can, Usain!!