Fig. 3-00

Fig Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branchedCarbon skeletons may be arranged in rings Double bond

Fig. 3-01a Carbon skeletons vary in length

Fig. 3-01b Double bond Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location

Fig. 3-01c Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched

Fig. 3-01d Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings

Fig Structural formulaBall-and-stick modelSpace-filling model

Fig. 3-02a Structural formula

Fig. 3-02b Ball-and-stick model

Fig. 3-02c Space-filling model

Fig. 3-03

Fig Short polymer Monomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer Hydrolysis (a) Building a polymer chain(b) Breaking a polymer chain

Fig. 3-04a Short polymerMonomer Dehydration reaction Longer polymer (a) Building a polymer chain

Fig. 3-04b Hydrolysis (b) Breaking a polymer chain

Fig GlucoseFructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Isomers

Fig. 3-05a Glucose Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Isomers

Fig (a) Linear and ring structures (b) Abbreviated ring structure

Fig. 3-06a (a) Linear and ring structures

Fig. 3-06b (b) Abbreviated ring structure

Fig Glucose Galactose Lactose

Fig processed to extract broken down into converted to sweeter added to foods as high-fructose corn syrup Starch Glucose Fructose Ingredients: carbonated water, high-fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors

Fig Glucose monomer (a) Starch (b) Glycogen (c) Cellulose Starch granules Glycogen granules Cellulose fibril Cellulose molecules

Fig Oil (hydrophobic) Vinegar (hydrophilic)

Fig Fatty acid Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”

Fig. 3-11a Fatty acid Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol

Fig. 3-11b (b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”

Fig Saturated Fats TYPES OF FATS Unsaturated Fats Margarine Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS

Fig. 3-12a Saturated Fats

Fig. 3-12b Unsaturated Fats Margarine Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID  ANTIOXIDANTS 

Fig Cholesterol TestosteroneA type of estrogen

Fig THG

Fig MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Structural ProteinsStorage Proteins Contractile ProteinsTransport ProteinsEnzymes

Fig. 3-15a Structural Proteins (provide support)

Fig. 3-15b Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth)

Fig. 3-15c Contractile Proteins (help movement)

Fig. 3-15d Transport Proteins (help transport substances)

Fig. 3-15e Enzymes (help chemical reactions)

Fig (a) The general structure of an amino acid (b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group LeucineSerine Side group

Fig. 3-16a (a) The general structure of an amino acid Amino group Carboxyl group Side group

Fig. 3-16b (b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group LeucineSerine

Fig Amino group Carboxyl group Side group Side group Amino acid

Fig Amino group Carboxyl group Side group Side group Amino acid Side group Side group Dehydration reaction Peptide bond

Fig Amino acid

Fig Normal red blood cell Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin (b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin (a) Normal hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin SEM

Fig. 3-19a Normal red blood cell (a) Normal hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin SEM

Fig. 3-19b Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin (b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin SEM

Fig (a) Primary structure

Fig (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix

Fig (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure Polypeptide

Fig (a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure Polypeptide (d) Quaternary structure Protein with four polypeptides

Fig Protein Target

Fig Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids

Fig Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) (a) Atomic structure(b) Symbol used in this book Phosphate Base Sugar

Fig. 3-23a Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) (a) Atomic structure

Fig. 3-23b (b) Symbol used in this book Phosphate Base Sugar

Fig Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Space-filling model of DNA

Fig. 3-24a Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Cytosine (C)

Fig. 3-24b Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Space-filling model of DNA

Fig Sugar-phosphate backbone Nucleotide Base pair Hydrogen bond Bases (a) DNA strand (polynucleotide) (b) Double helix (two polynucleotide strands)

Fig. 3-25a Sugar-phosphate backbone Nucleotide Bases (a) DNA strand (polynucleotide)

Fig. 3-25b Base pair Hydrogen bond (b) Double helix (two polynucleotide strands)

Fig Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Uracil (U) Sugar (ribose)

Fig DNA Human cell (DNA in 46 Chromosomes) Chromosome 2 (one DNA molecule) Section of chromosome 2 Lactase gene 14,000 nucleotides C at this site causes lactose intolerance T at this site causes lactose tolerance

Fig. 3-28

Fig. 3-UN01 Short polymerMonomerHydrolysis Dehydration reaction Longer polymer

Fig. 3-UN02 Large biological molecules FunctionsComponentsExamples Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Dietary energy; storage; plant structure Long-term energy storage (fats); hormones (steroids) Enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, and others Information storage Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose Disaccharides: lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose Fats (triglycerides); Steroids (testosterone, estrogen) Lactase (an enzyme), hemoglobin (a transport protein) DNA, RNA Monosaccharide Components of a triglyceride Amino acid Nucleotide Fatty acid Glycerol Amino group Carboxyl group Side group Phosphate Base Sugar

Fig. 3-UN02a FunctionsComponentsExamples Dietary energy; storage; plant structure Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose Disaccharides: lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose Monosaccharide Carbohydrates

Fig. 3-UN02b FunctionsComponentsExamples Lipids Long-term energy storage (fats); hormones (steroids) Fats (triglycerides); Steroids (testosterone, estrogen) Components of a triglyceride Fatty acid Glycerol

Fig. 3-UN02c FunctionsComponentsExamples Proteins Enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, and others Lactase (an enzyme), hemoglobin (a transport protein) Amino acid Amino group Carboxyl group Side group

Fig. 3-UN02d FunctionsComponentsExamples Nucleic acids Information storage DNA, RNA Nucleotide Phosphate Base Sugar

Fig. 3-UN03 Primary structure (sequence of amino acids) Secondary structure (localized folding) Tertiary structure (overall shape) Quaternary structure (found in proteins with multiple polypeptides)

Fig. 3-UN04 DNA double helix DNA strandDNA nucleotide Base Sugar Phosphate group