Week 2: Chapter 3 Molecules of Life

Outline Chemistry of Carbon –Role of Carbon –7 Functional Groups –Examples Molecules –Polymer Concept Sugars and Polysaccharides Lipids Amino Acids and Proteins Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Organic Chemistry Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has valence # of 4

Carbon Chains and Rings Chains Rings C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

Functional Groups C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH HO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH O Estrogen Testosterone

Six Functional Groups Hydroxyl Keto Methyl Carboxyl Amino Group Phosphate Group Structure? Hydrophilic?

OH Hydroxyl O Keto

CH 3 Methyl C OH O Carboxyl

O P OH O Phosphate N H H Amino

Example Structures Glucose Methionine ATP

Macromolecules Bio - Polymers Monomers (Subunits) Dimers Polymers Glucose Maltose Starch

Dehydration/Hydrolysis Reactions Hydrolysis H2OH2O (b) Breaking a polymer chain Longer polymer (a) Building a polymer chain OH H Short polymer Dehydration reaction H2OH2O OH H Monomer

Biomacromolecules as Polymers C C C C C OC OH HO Starch Polymer Glucose OH C C C C C OC HO Glucose C C C C C OC OH O Glucose Maltose OH C C C C C OC HO C C C C C OC OH O C C C C C OC O C C C C C OC O C C C C C OC O

4 Biomolecules BiomoleculePolymerMonomer CarbohydratePolysaccharideMonosaccharide FatTriglycerideFatty Acid ProteinPolypeptideAmino Acid Nucleic AcidDNA and RNANucleotides Functions related to chemical structure

Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Simple Sugar Source of Carbon and Energy in Cells Glucose

Monosaccharides Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 Ribose C 5 H 10 O 5 Glycerol C 3 H 6 O 3

Disaccharide glucose Maltose Dehydration Reaction Glucose Fructose Glucose Galactose

Polysaccharide Glucose

Lipids Fatty Acids Amphipathic

Saturated/Desaturated Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

Saturation and Melting Temperature

Effect of Triglycerides on Health Saturated Fats – LDL raised Polyunsaturated – LDL unchanged HDL lowered Monounsaturated – LDL and HDL unchanged Polyunsaturated omega-3 - reduces heart disease

Steriods C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH HO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CH 3 OH O Estrogen Testosterone Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Lipid Functions Membranes – phospholipids, steroids Energy Storage – triglycerides Hormones - steroids

Proteins Amino Acids C CN H R H H O O H Conserved Region R group

Hydrophobic side group Hydrophilic side group Leucine Serine 20 Different Amino acids

Figure Dehydration reaction CarboxylAmino Peptide bond H2OH2O OH H

Polypeptide

Protein Folding Hemoglobin

(a) Primary structure (b) Secondary structure Amino acids Pleated sheet Alpha helix (c) Tertiary structure Polypeptide (d) Quaternary structure A protein with four polypeptide subunits Hydrogen bond Protein Folding

Example Proteins

Figure 3.21 Protein Target

Figure 3.19 Normal red blood cell Sickled red blood cellSickle-cell hemoglobin Normal hemoglobin SEM Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu

Figure 3.15 MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS Structural Proteins (provide support) Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth) Contractile Proteins (help movement) Transport Proteins (help transport substances) Enzymes (help chemical reactions)

Nucleic Acid Nucleotides

Nucleic Acid Functions ATP - nucleotide energy carrier in cell DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – genetic material RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – gene expression machinery

ATP