Through language understanding Mia Stephens, School of Communication, Unisa First published for Healing Timor Leste: a Consultation of specialists 2006 Healing East Timor

pathway The beauty and historical significance of the languages of the region: proto-Luangic-Kisaric Making language policy offers a good chance to make political points Making political and cultural points can be dangerous Safety first applies to language issues too Language is for people, not the other way around

Indonesia

the Nusantara archipelago Timor belongs in the Nusantara archipelago with Indonesia. the shared stories of the region extend over a vast period across geological ages

5000 years ago in the mid Holocene geological period land-bridges joined New Guinea to Australia Tasmania to mainland Australia. and Timor, Moa, Luang and Leti and others in a ‘mother island’ Now they are all separate islands.

South East Asia

proto-Luangic-Kisaric: How do we know? Linguists know they were joined because the languages are closely related and literary practice and cultural references tell us. The name given to the ancient language which they all once spoke is: proto-Luangic-Kisaric.

Luang Stories shared in these islands lament the destruction of the Mother continent of Luang, which once encompassed Timor and 30 smaller islands

Luang and Tasi-Feto : Mother island and Mother Sea- Latitude 8 longitude

'boatowners' and 'landowners' The complementary island clans, who have existed from ancient times right up until today, of the 'boatowners' and the 'landowners', still recount the traditional stories of how the destruction of the Motherland happened because of a forbidden fight between the kinsmen.

'lexical parallelism' The ceremonial language uses 'lexical parallelism‘: law and order acknowledge and bewail sin and temptation love and charity foes and enemies wrath and indignation confirm and strengthen goods and chattels

Ktunu = lexical parallelism In Timor lexically parallel sets are called Ktunu They serve three purposes: focus on the central message of the text indication of historiographic truth confirmation of the narrator's erudition [Van Engelenhoven and Hajek 2000:117]

ktunu which happen to match English sets taken from the Suru-Ainaro community, using the Mambai vernacular Mambai oral traditionEnglish collocations siak nor banabrave and courageous kode nor klaofor better or worse um nor aphome and hearth ukun/badrule of law, law and order

Story telling is dangerous Just telling the stories is considered a dangerous activity, because of the danger of renewing the fighting and disaster. Therefore only certain people can be storytellers They come from the 'treasurer house' of the boat-owner clan. They are empowered with this treasure, this resource of the special expert language and rhetorical procedure to avert harm.

Timor Lorosae East Timor Timor Leste Timor Lorosae

Timor Lorosae – O Massacre que o Mundo Não Viu Documentário sobre a história recente do Timor Leste, ex- colônia portuguesa na Ásia. Após se livrar do domínio português, em 1975, o país foi invadido pela vizinha Indonésia, que durante os 25 anos seguintes promoveu o massacre de cerca de um terço da população local. O drama do povo timorense nunca recebeu a devida atenção da comunidade internacional. Em 1999, após um plebiscito supervisionado pela ONU, foi confirmada a autonomia da região. Ao deixarem o novo Estado, as tropas indonésias vandalizaram 99% do território. A diretora e sua equipe chegaram ao Timor Leste um ano depois e registraram por um mês a nova realidade.

priests The church protected Timorese people during the dark days Portuguese is the language of the church Curating Portuguese is a conscious policy to recognise the contribution of the language to the struggle for freedom.

Flag and language policy Article 13 provides for two co-official languages alongside the other 'working languages' of Indonesian* and English. Portuguese and Tetum are designated as the languages for official business. Eccles [2000:24]

the roll-call of languages in East Timor ** Tetum Prasa is classified as a creole, with its basis in Tetun, one of the indigenous languages of the proto-Luangic-Kisaric group [Ethnologue.com]. People speak a long list of other indigenous languages such as Makasai * The indigenous languages of the archipelago form a distinct set in the regional families of languages, which include what is widely referred to as Malay and to the official language of Indonesia. Malay has always been a lingua franca in the archipelago, and the Indonesian government encouraged a centrally standardised variety. It is now called Bahasa Melayu. There is also Dutch as a lingua franca.

The concern would foregrounding the powerful languages like English and Bahasa Melayu lead to language shift and death for Tetum?

The best way to maintain endangered languages is to use them. is to have people speak them for the full range of community activities. In order to do this, you have to acknowledge the concept of multilingualism, promote it, market it. Don't leave it to chance..

One answer: make multilingualism worth money encourage young people in multilingualism show people that their linguistic capability in all languages is a commodity Let them know they can sell it

if you share language, you don’t spoil it commodify the linguistic treasure market it Sell it Don't impose such a grim regime of compulsory language acquisition that they turn their backs on it and learn to hate it.

multilingualism is natural It is like physical exercise- the more you do it, the better you perform. Having multilingualism as a tradable commodity is like having breathing as a tradable commodity. Let the young people love their languages, and conserve them as a pleasure Don’t make some languages acceptable and others taboo.

Ensure that the young people survive long enough to speak the languages The young people may find that conserving the old range of languages endangers survival. They have to put physical survival first. That means proficiency in Bahasa Melayu. For economic survival they must reach for English as their international passport to jobs and flexibility.

The essential answer: let them do what they have to do This period is a struggle for survival. The heritage must protect its speakers- not endanger them all heritage and art and culture are eventually about physical survival

Let them do what they have to do: Bahasa Melayu

Do what you gotta do: ELF - English as a lingua franca Acknowledge the place of English Welcome whichever lingua francas are spoken Don't leave international workers confused and inconvenienced by policy. [ie tell them that they need to use Bahasa Melayu] Proactively market the whole range of linguistic diversity as a commodity

Timor Leste

Trust the young people Young Timorese will pass onto their grandchildren in the 2050s linguistic behaviours which are just as beautiful and meaningful as those the Luangic-Kisaric speakers passed on 5000 years ago.

How can we help? trust the young people to choose what they need to survive in the world they have to live in. float their talents on the market: language tourism online media study exchange