FONER CHAPTER 2 and 3 Settling the Colonies (Beginnings of English America and Creating Anglo America

Europe on the eve of Conquest Portugal Spain France Dutch English Russia

COMING OF THE ENGLISH England on the eve of exploration Uniting the kingdoms –wars –breaking away –mobile population –motives for migration Renaissance nation states Protestantism creates conflict –1534 Act of Supremacy Early Explorations until 1607 –Spanish Armada (1588) –British privateers damaged Spanish trade and helped establish early British colonies –Ireland –Roanoke Settling the Chesapeake New England Middle colonies The Carolinas Tudor monarchs in the 1500s Stuart monarchs in the 1600s

Seventeenth-Century English rulers Chronology 1603-James Jamestown 1620-Plymouth 1642-English Civil War 1649-Charles I beheaded Cromwell-protectorate, expansion 1660-Charels II restored 1688-Glorious Revolution Protestantism versus Catholicism dominated the political times in England during the 1600s.

Chesapeake and Jamestown Hakluyt-trade would be basis of England’s empire –surplus pop., poverty –enclosure movement –Utopia –young single men 1607-Jamestown settled away from Spanish warships Virginia-free New World from Spanish tyranny –stinking weed –headright system –House of Burgess Maryland –Toleration Act of 1649 –Plundering times Why did it take England 100+ years to colonize North America?

New England Colonies Puritans or Pilgrims? Great migration Mayflower Compact “City on a hill” Puritan family Rhode Island Connecticut Anne Hutchison –Antinomianism economy –family farms, trade, fishing For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken... we shall be made a story and a by-word throughout the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God... We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us til we be consumed out of the good land whither we are a-going

Middle colonies 1664-Anglo-Dutch rivalry New York New Jersey Pennsylvania –William Penn –Quakers Delaware

The Carolinas and Georgia Founding of Carolinas –1663-barrier to Spanish –Barbados –Labor Georgia –convicts –buffer POPULATION% OF WEALTH Top 10%50 Middle 65%48 Lowest 25%2

Thirteen Colonies By 1700, diverse population and religions urban vs rural (9/10) economy- agricultural –South-plantations –New England - small towns and family farms consumer society –books, ceramic plates, cutlery, silk, cotton, tea shipping and trade Great differences in economics, political, and social structure

Growth of Colonial America Expansion of the Empire –immigrants –ethnic cultures –Scotch-Irish –Germans –convicts –Native Americans Social classes Triangular trade

ALL COLONIES FACED EARLY STRUGGLES TO SURVIVE English Civil War Restoration Glorious Revolution Changes in New England Witches-1692 Indian Wars –1622 Indian uprisings in Va. –1637 Pequot War –1675 King Phillip’s War –Ohio Valley-Pontiac Bacon’s Rebellion –Virginia

Battle for the Continent Middle Ground –Great lakes area Seven Year’s War Albany Union of 1754 Proclamation Line of 1763

Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth century Range from Florida Peninsula to California Indian resistance, lack of interest limited Spanish presence Never a secure political or military hold on borderlands

Conquering the Spanish Northern Frontier 1692—final establishment of Spanish rule in New Mexico after Popé’s revolt (1680) 18 th -century St. Augustine a Spanish military outpost unattractive to settlers 1769—belated Spanish mission settlements in California to prevent Russian claims

Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands Slow growth of Spanish population in borderlands Spanish influence architecture, language Spanish influence over Native Americans – Spanish exploit native labor – Indians live in proximity to Spanish as despised lower class – Indians resist conversion to Catholicism

The Spanish Borderlands, ca. 1770

French Empire Ohio Valley Mississippi Valley New Orleans Indian alliances

BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT Middle Ground Seven Year’s War Albany Union of 1754 –delegates, taxes, Indians, defense Peace of Paris 1763 Proclamation Line of 1763